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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the liquid matrix of blood?

A

plasma

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2
Q

branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood- forming tissues & the disorders associated with them

A

hamatology

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3
Q

What are blood forming tissues?

A

RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma

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4
Q

delivers O2 from the lungs to the cells
moves CO2 from the cells to the lungs

what is this function?

A

transportation

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5
Q

blood _______ influences the water content of cells and tissues

A

osmotic pressure

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6
Q

when blood coagulates it forms?

A

clots

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7
Q

what is the color of the blood when it is arterial (oxygen rich)?

A

scarlet or bright red

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8
Q

what is the color of the blood when it is venous blood (deoxygenated blood)?

A

dull red

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9
Q

What is the ph of the blood?

A

slightly alkaline
7.35-7.45

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Arterial blood is more acidic than venous blood

A

FALSE

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11
Q

what is the temperature of blood?

A

38 C

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12
Q

Plasma makes up ____ percent of the blood

A

55

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13
Q

formed elements can be separated from plasma through?

A

centrifugation

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14
Q

comprise the red mass at the bottom of the tube & account for 99% of the formed elements

A

red blood cells

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15
Q

a thin, gray layer bet. the plasma & RBCs; contains white blood cells (WBCs) & platelets (PLTs); account for only 1% of the formed elements

A

buffy coat

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16
Q

When a plasma is uncoagulated what is its appearance?

A

cloudy

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17
Q

the liquid portion of coagulated blood

A

serum

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18
Q

absorbs heat from active organs such as the liver & muscles & distributes this heat to cooler parts of the body as blood continues to circulate

A

water

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19
Q

it is the white of the egg which is synthesized in the liver and is the most abundant plasma protein

A

albumin

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20
Q

albumin contributes to the __________ of blood, which pulls fluid from the tissues to the blood in the capillaries, thereby maintaining normal blood volume & BP

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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21
Q

it is a plasma protein that is synthesized by the liver and accounts for 38% of plasma proteins?

A

globulins

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22
Q

are synthesized by the liver & act as carriers for molecules such as lipids, iron & fat-soluble vitamins

A

alpha and beta globulins

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23
Q

produced by the lymphocytes; initiate the destruction of pathogens & provide us with immunity

A

gamma globulins (antibodies, immunoglobulin)

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24
Q

a clotting factor plays an essential role of blood coagulation

A

fibrinogen

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25
Q

help w/ osmotic balance, pH buffering, & regulation of membrane permeability

A

electrolytes

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26
Q

what are the three electrolytes of the blood?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium

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27
Q

what are the other solutes of the blood?

A

electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, regulatory substances, waste products

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28
Q

what are the waste products of blood?

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia

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29
Q

collective term for the RBCs, WBCs & PLTs

A

formed elements

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30
Q

formed elements are all created where?

A

red bone marrow

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31
Q

the process of the formation & development of the formed elements of blood

A

hemopoiesis

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32
Q

the primary stem cell where all the formed elements

A

hemocytoblast

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: hemocytoblast divides into similar daughter cells

A

TRUE

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34
Q

a highly vascularized tissue located in the microscopic spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

A

red bone marrow

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35
Q

Red bone marrow is present chiefly where?

A

axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur

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36
Q

are several hormones w/c regulate the proliferation & differentiation of particular blood cells

A

hemopoietic growth factors

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37
Q

what are two secondary stem cells produced from hemocytoblast?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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38
Q

begin their development in red bone marrow & give rise to immature cells.

A

myeloid stem cells

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39
Q

begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues;

A

lymphoid stem cells

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40
Q

the visual examination of the formed elements of blood under a light microscope

A

peripheral blood smear

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41
Q

in the peripheral blood smear the blood is air-dried and preserved in?

A

methanol

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42
Q

what is the stain that is used in blood smearing?

A

Wrights stain (eosin, methylene blue)

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43
Q

What is the RBC count?

A

4.5-6 Million

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44
Q

refers to the percentage occupied by RBCs in the blood relative to plasma

A

hematocrit

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45
Q

what is the normal hematocrit level of blood?

A

38-48 %

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46
Q

if hematocrit level is high=

A

RBC count is high, plasma volume is low, blood viscosity is high

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47
Q

what is the shape of blood?

A

biconcave disc

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48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: RBC have nucleus

A

FALSE

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49
Q

the cytoplasm of RBC is packed with?

A

hemoglobin

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50
Q

the red pigment w/c occupies the
cytosol of RBCs & gives their color

A

hemoglobin

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51
Q

an iron-based protein that binds most of the O2 & a small portion of the CO2 & allows the RBCs to transport these gases through the blood

A

hemoglobin

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52
Q

RBC contains _____ million hemoglobins

A

300

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53
Q

formed when HGB is exposed to O2 esp when RBCs pick up O2 in the pulmonary capillaries from the lungs; gives arterial blood a bright red appearance

A

oxyhemoglobin

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54
Q

formed when HGB is exposed to CO2 esp when RBCs pick up CO2 in the systemic capillaries from the tissues; since little or no O2 molecules are bound to it, that’s why venous blood appears dull red

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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55
Q

medical term for a deficiency of mature RBCs &/or HGB in circulating blood

A

anemia

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56
Q

medical term for elevated RBCs in
circulating blood

A

polycythemia

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57
Q

the process of forming & developing RBCs from hemocytoblasts (stem cells/ unspecialized cells) which differentiate into erythrocytes (specialized cells) in response to hemopoietic growth factors

A

erythropoiesis

58
Q

involves the transformation of hemocytoblasts into different developmental stages of immature RBCs in the red bone marrow

A

erythropoiesis

59
Q

what is the duration of erythropoiesis?

A

5–9 days

60
Q

are precursors of erythrocytes w/c possess cellular organelles & thus have the ability to divide & synthesize proteins such as HGB

A

immature RBC

61
Q

the first stage in RBC development; an immature RBC w/c differentiates directly from the myeloid stem cell

A

proerythroblast

62
Q

the last developmental stage of an immature RBC w/c still contains a nucleus;

A

normoblast

63
Q

a young erythrocyte w/c exits the bone marrow & enters the circulation to begin its role of O2 transport

A

reticulocyte

64
Q

reticulocyte becomes mature after how many days?

A

1-2 days

65
Q

reticulocyte is high during?

A

blood loss/ hemorrhage and destruction of RBC

66
Q

formed when the reticulocyte’s cytoplasm is totally occupied by HGB molecules & loses its remaining cellular organelles
the mature RBC

A

erythrocyte

67
Q

the hemopoietic growth factor released by the kidneys w/c stimulates the maturation of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

A

erythropoietin

68
Q

are nutrients derived from the diet w/c are required for DNA synthesis & thus, for erythropoiesis

A

folic acid and vitamin B12

69
Q

a chemical produced by the cells
of the stomach lining
binds with vit. B12 in food to promote vit. B12 absorption in the small intestine

A

intrinsic factor

70
Q

a type of anemia w/c results either from lack of vit. B12 in the diet or from intrinsic factor deficiency.

A

pernicious anemia

71
Q

Hemoglobin is firmed in the combination of?

A

heme and globin

72
Q

are needed to synthesize globin

A

amino acid

73
Q

a mineral needed to synthesize heme

A

iron

74
Q

What are the three sources of hemoglobin?

A

stored iron, decomposed hemoglobin, diet

75
Q

a plasma protein, specifically an iron-binding beta globulin, w/c facilitates the transport of iron to the bone marrow for HGB synthesis or to the liver for storage

A

transferrin

76
Q

iron-storage protein found primarily in the liver; stores iron for future use; when the quantity of iron falls in the plasma, iron is removed from ferritin & is once again transported by transferrin

A

ferritin

77
Q

what is the life span of RBC?

A

120 days

78
Q

the graveyard of RBCs; the site where worn-out RBCs are destroyed & sequestered/removed from the circulation

A

spleen

79
Q

in the spleen phagocytize ruptured & worn-out RBCs

A

macrophages

80
Q

destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

81
Q

is also needed for the formation & maturation of RBC

A

Vitamin B12

82
Q

the non-iron portion of heme is converted to _____ (a green pigment), and then into _____ (a yellow-orange pigment).

A

biliverdin, bilirubin

83
Q

In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin into _______

A

urobilinogen

84
Q

Some urobilinogen is absorbed back into the blood, converted to a yellow pigment called _______, and excreted in urine.

A

urobilin

85
Q

a brown pigment which gives feces its color

A

stercobilin

86
Q

refers to below normal O2 levels in
the body w/c can be due to high altitude, high oxygen deman, low oxygen supply

A

hypoxia

87
Q

when there is a psychologic stress your O2 demand is?

A

high

88
Q

when you have respiratory illness, your oxygen supply is?

A

low

89
Q

to combat the low oxygen levels in the blood, hypoxia instructs the kidney to produce what hormone?

A

erythropoietin

90
Q

the hormone in males w/c stimulate
the release of erythropoietin

A

testosterone

91
Q

what is the normal WBC count?

A

5,000 -10,000 cells per cubic meter

92
Q

the development of white blood cells is stimulated by 2 different hemopoietic growth factors. What are these?

A
  1. interleukins
  2. colony-stimulating factor
93
Q

medical term for high overall WBC
count (>10,000/μL)

A

leukocytosis

94
Q

medical term for an abnormally low WBC count (<5,000/ μL)

it is never good because it entails that the body is immunocompromised

A

leukopenia

95
Q

what is the shape of WBC?

A

spherical

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: WBC contains hemoglobin

A

FALSE

97
Q

WBC moves through self-locomotion through

A

amoeboid movement

98
Q

the process in w/c WBCs (unlike RBCs) can leave the capillaries by squeezing bet. epithelial cells of capillary walls & migrate or travel from the blood to the interstitial fluid of invaded tissues

A

diapedesis

99
Q

the ability of WBCs to migrate to invaded tissues in response to chemicals released by the attacked tissues & toxins produced by microbes

A

chemotaxis

100
Q

are membrane proteins in the WBCs w/c are representative of the antigens present on all cells of an individual

A

human leukocyte antigen

101
Q

are important for the WBCs to attack only those that are “non-self” or “foreign”

A

HLA

102
Q

are WBCs with visible cytoplasmic granules when stained

A

granulocyte

103
Q

neutrophils is the most abundant WBC it is also called as

A

polymorphonuclearleukocytes

104
Q

can range from 2 to 5 lobes; older cells have more lobes; that’s why they are called PMNs since cells vary in appearance w/ diff. ages)

A

segmented nuclei

105
Q

neutrophils level increase during?

A

acute bacterial infections

106
Q

First to arrive at the site of invasion

A

neutrophils

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Neutrophils secrete chemicals that promote inflammation.

A

TRUE

108
Q

mature neutrophils which is the first one to increase during infection, have shorter lifespan and die quickly

A

segmenters

109
Q

called immature neutrophils which increases when the segmenters die rapidly during severe infection, less efficient phagocytes

A

bands

110
Q

an accumulation of cell debris, & fluid at sites of infection; a normal response especially to bacterial infections but sometimes, if in excess, need to be evacuated for antibiotic treatment to penetrate infected tissues

A

pus

111
Q

least abundant and rarerst WBC, 0.5% to 1%

A

basophils

112
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: basophils have 4 lobes

A

FALSE, basophils have 2 lobes (bi-lobed) these are U and S shaped nucleus

113
Q

Basophils level increase during

A

allergic reaction and parasitic infection

114
Q

mediates inflammation; makes capillaries more permeable, allowing tissue fluid in the damaged area & makes tissue swollen (as in an allergy)

A

histamine

115
Q

an anticoagulant that helps prevent abnormal clotting w/in blood vessels

A

heparin

116
Q

what is the eosinophil count?

A

1% to 3%

117
Q

eosinophils contain a variety of digestive enzyme that function during?

A

allergic reaction and parasitic infections

118
Q

release chemicals that reduce inflammation especially those that degrade histamine to end an allergic reaction

A

eosinophils

119
Q

are WBCs with no visible cytoplasmic granules when stained

A

Agranulocytes

120
Q

smallest of the WBCs

A

lymphocyte

121
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lymphocyte is bi-lobed

A

FALSE

122
Q

lymphocytes mostly reside in the?

A

lymphatic tissue

123
Q

any specific “non- self” or foreign molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte

A

antigen

124
Q

What are the three types of lymphocyte?

A

T cells, B cells, natural killer cells

125
Q

help recognize antigens & may directly destroy some antigens

A

t cells

126
Q

become plasma cells that produce antibodies w/c bind to antigens

A

B cells

127
Q

destroy foreign cells by chemically rupturing their membranes

A

natural killer cells

128
Q

What WBC rejects grafts or donated organs and controls tumors?

A

Lymphocyte

129
Q

Lymphocyte level increases during?

A

acute viral infections

130
Q

largest of the WBCs

A

Monocytes

131
Q

monocytes contain _______ shaped nucleus

A

horse-shoe or kidney-shaped

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Monocytes number is more than lymphocytes in the cytoplasm

A

True

133
Q

Monocytes when they leave the bloodstream, they enlarge & differentiate into

A

macrophages

134
Q

like the neutrophils, they phagocytize bacteria, dead cells & any other debris w/in the tissues; although they take longer to reach a site of infection than neutrophils, they are more efficient phagocytes

A

macrophages

135
Q

type of macrophage which reside in a particular tissue; examples include alveolar macrophages in the lungs & macrophages in the spleen

A

fixed macrophages

136
Q

what is the name of the macrophage in the lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

137
Q

type of macrophage which roam the tissues & gather at sites of infection or inflammation

A

wandering macrophages

138
Q

Monocytes increase during?

A

chronic infection

139
Q

a laboratory test w/c requires a small sample of venous blood to determine one’s RBC, WBC & PLT count & other parameters

A

complete blood count

140
Q

a count of each of the 5 types of WBCs w/c may be included in a CBC

A

differential WBC count

141
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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