Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What is the liquid matrix of blood?
A
plasma
2
Q
branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood- forming tissues & the disorders associated with them
A
hamatology
3
Q
What are blood forming tissues?
A
RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
4
Q
delivers O2 from the lungs to the cells
moves CO2 from the cells to the lungs
what is this function?
A
transportation
5
Q
blood _______ influences the water content of cells and tissues
A
osmotic pressure
6
Q
when blood coagulates it forms?
A
clots
7
Q
what is the color of the blood when it is arterial (oxygen rich)?
A
scarlet or bright red
8
Q
what is the color of the blood when it is venous blood (deoxygenated blood)?
A
dull red
9
Q
What is the ph of the blood?
A
slightly alkaline
7.35-7.45
10
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Arterial blood is more acidic than venous blood
A
FALSE
11
Q
what is the temperature of blood?
A
38 C
12
Q
Plasma makes up ____ percent of the blood
A
55
13
Q
formed elements can be separated from plasma through?
A
centrifugation
14
Q
comprise the red mass at the bottom of the tube & account for 99% of the formed elements
A
red blood cells
15
Q
a thin, gray layer bet. the plasma & RBCs; contains white blood cells (WBCs) & platelets (PLTs); account for only 1% of the formed elements
A
buffy coat
16
Q
When a plasma is uncoagulated what is its appearance?
A
cloudy
17
Q
the liquid portion of coagulated blood
A
serum
18
Q
absorbs heat from active organs such as the liver & muscles & distributes this heat to cooler parts of the body as blood continues to circulate
A
water
19
Q
it is the white of the egg which is synthesized in the liver and is the most abundant plasma protein
A
albumin
20
Q
albumin contributes to the __________ of blood, which pulls fluid from the tissues to the blood in the capillaries, thereby maintaining normal blood volume & BP
A
colloid osmotic pressure
21
Q
it is a plasma protein that is synthesized by the liver and accounts for 38% of plasma proteins?
A
globulins
22
Q
are synthesized by the liver & act as carriers for molecules such as lipids, iron & fat-soluble vitamins
A
alpha and beta globulins
23
Q
produced by the lymphocytes; initiate the destruction of pathogens & provide us with immunity
A
gamma globulins (antibodies, immunoglobulin)
24
Q
a clotting factor plays an essential role of blood coagulation
A
fibrinogen
25
help w/ osmotic balance, pH buffering, & regulation of membrane permeability
electrolytes
26
what are the three electrolytes of the blood?
Sodium, potassium, calcium
27
what are the other solutes of the blood?
electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, regulatory substances, waste products
28
what are the waste products of blood?
urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia
29
collective term for the RBCs, WBCs & PLTs
formed elements
30
formed elements are all created where?
red bone marrow
31
the process of the formation & development of the formed elements of blood
hemopoiesis
32
the primary stem cell where all the formed elements
hemocytoblast
33
TRUE OR FALSE: hemocytoblast divides into similar daughter cells
TRUE
34
a highly vascularized tissue located in the microscopic spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
red bone marrow
35
Red bone marrow is present chiefly where?
axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur
36
are several hormones w/c regulate the proliferation & differentiation of particular blood cells
hemopoietic growth factors
37
what are two secondary stem cells produced from hemocytoblast?
myeloid and lymphoid
38
begin their development in red bone marrow & give rise to immature cells.
myeloid stem cells
39
begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues;
lymphoid stem cells
40
the visual examination of the formed elements of blood under a light microscope
peripheral blood smear
41
in the peripheral blood smear the blood is air-dried and preserved in?
methanol
42
what is the stain that is used in blood smearing?
Wrights stain (eosin, methylene blue)
43
What is the RBC count?
4.5-6 Million
44
refers to the percentage occupied by RBCs in the blood relative to plasma
hematocrit
45
what is the normal hematocrit level of blood?
38-48 %
46
if hematocrit level is high=
RBC count is high, plasma volume is low, blood viscosity is high
47
what is the shape of blood?
biconcave disc
48
TRUE OR FALSE: RBC have nucleus
FALSE
49
the cytoplasm of RBC is packed with?
hemoglobin
50
the red pigment w/c occupies the
cytosol of RBCs & gives their color
hemoglobin
51
an iron-based protein that binds most of the O2 & a small portion of the CO2 & allows the RBCs to transport these gases through the blood
hemoglobin
52
RBC contains _____ million hemoglobins
300
53
formed when HGB is exposed to O2 esp when RBCs pick up O2 in the pulmonary capillaries from the lungs; gives arterial blood a bright red appearance
oxyhemoglobin
54
formed when HGB is exposed to CO2 esp when RBCs pick up CO2 in the systemic capillaries from the tissues; since little or no O2 molecules are bound to it, that’s why venous blood appears dull red
carboxyhemoglobin
55
medical term for a deficiency of mature RBCs &/or HGB in circulating blood
anemia
56
medical term for elevated RBCs in
circulating blood
polycythemia
57
the process of forming & developing RBCs from hemocytoblasts (stem cells/ unspecialized cells) which differentiate into erythrocytes (specialized cells) in response to hemopoietic growth factors
erythropoiesis
58
involves the transformation of hemocytoblasts into different developmental stages of immature RBCs in the red bone marrow
erythropoiesis
59
what is the duration of erythropoiesis?
5–9 days
60
are precursors of erythrocytes w/c possess cellular organelles & thus have the ability to divide & synthesize proteins such as HGB
immature RBC
61
the first stage in RBC development; an immature RBC w/c differentiates directly from the myeloid stem cell
proerythroblast
62
the last developmental stage of an immature RBC w/c still contains a nucleus;
normoblast
63
a young erythrocyte w/c exits the bone marrow & enters the circulation to begin its role of O2 transport
reticulocyte
64
reticulocyte becomes mature after how many days?
1-2 days
65
reticulocyte is high during?
blood loss/ hemorrhage and destruction of RBC
66
formed when the reticulocyte’s cytoplasm is totally occupied by HGB molecules & loses its remaining cellular organelles
the mature RBC
erythrocyte
67
the hemopoietic growth factor released by the kidneys w/c stimulates the maturation of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes
erythropoietin
68
are nutrients derived from the diet w/c are required for DNA synthesis & thus, for erythropoiesis
folic acid and vitamin B12
69
a chemical produced by the cells
of the stomach lining
binds with vit. B12 in food to promote vit. B12 absorption in the small intestine
intrinsic factor
70
a type of anemia w/c results either from lack of vit. B12 in the diet or from intrinsic factor deficiency.
pernicious anemia
71
Hemoglobin is firmed in the combination of?
heme and globin
72
are needed to synthesize globin
amino acid
73
a mineral needed to synthesize heme
iron
74
What are the three sources of hemoglobin?
stored iron, decomposed hemoglobin, diet
75
a plasma protein, specifically an iron-binding beta globulin, w/c facilitates the transport of iron to the bone marrow for HGB synthesis or to the liver for storage
transferrin
76
iron-storage protein found primarily in the liver; stores iron for future use; when the quantity of iron falls in the plasma, iron is removed from ferritin & is once again transported by transferrin
ferritin
77
what is the life span of RBC?
120 days
78
the graveyard of RBCs; the site where worn-out RBCs are destroyed & sequestered/removed from the circulation
spleen
79
in the spleen phagocytize ruptured & worn-out RBCs
macrophages
80
destruction of red blood cells
hemolysis
81
is also needed for the formation & maturation of RBC
Vitamin B12
82
the non-iron portion of heme is converted to _____ (a green pigment), and then into _____ (a yellow-orange pigment).
biliverdin, bilirubin
83
In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin into _______
urobilinogen
84
Some urobilinogen is absorbed back into the blood, converted to a yellow pigment called _______, and excreted in urine.
urobilin
85
a brown pigment which gives feces its color
stercobilin
86
refers to below normal O2 levels in
the body w/c can be due to high altitude, high oxygen deman, low oxygen supply
hypoxia
87
when there is a psychologic stress your O2 demand is?
high
88
when you have respiratory illness, your oxygen supply is?
low
89
to combat the low oxygen levels in the blood, hypoxia instructs the kidney to produce what hormone?
erythropoietin
90
the hormone in males w/c stimulate
the release of erythropoietin
testosterone
91
what is the normal WBC count?
5,000 -10,000 cells per cubic meter
92
the development of white blood cells is stimulated by 2 different hemopoietic growth factors. What are these?
1. interleukins
2. colony-stimulating factor
93
medical term for high overall WBC
count (>10,000/μL)
leukocytosis
94
medical term for an abnormally low WBC count (<5,000/ μL)
it is never good because it entails that the body is immunocompromised
leukopenia
95
what is the shape of WBC?
spherical
96
TRUE OR FALSE: WBC contains hemoglobin
FALSE
97
WBC moves through self-locomotion through
amoeboid movement
98
the process in w/c WBCs (unlike RBCs) can leave the capillaries by squeezing bet. epithelial cells of capillary walls & migrate or travel from the blood to the interstitial fluid of invaded tissues
diapedesis
99
the ability of WBCs to migrate to invaded tissues in response to chemicals released by the attacked tissues & toxins produced by microbes
chemotaxis
100
are membrane proteins in the WBCs w/c are representative of the antigens present on all cells of an individual
human leukocyte antigen
101
are important for the WBCs to attack only those that are “non-self” or “foreign”
HLA
102
are WBCs with visible cytoplasmic granules when stained
granulocyte
103
neutrophils is the most abundant WBC it is also called as
polymorphonuclearleukocytes
104
can range from 2 to 5 lobes; older cells have more lobes; that’s why they are called PMNs since cells vary in appearance w/ diff. ages)
segmented nuclei
105
neutrophils level increase during?
acute bacterial infections
106
First to arrive at the site of invasion
neutrophils
107
TRUE OR FALSE: Neutrophils secrete chemicals that promote inflammation.
TRUE
108
mature neutrophils which is the first one to increase during infection, have shorter lifespan and die quickly
segmenters
109
called immature neutrophils which increases when the segmenters die rapidly during severe infection, less efficient phagocytes
bands
110
an accumulation of cell debris, & fluid at sites of infection; a normal response especially to bacterial infections but sometimes, if in excess, need to be evacuated for antibiotic treatment to penetrate infected tissues
pus
111
least abundant and rarerst WBC, 0.5% to 1%
basophils
112
TRUE OR FALSE: basophils have 4 lobes
FALSE, basophils have 2 lobes (bi-lobed) these are U and S shaped nucleus
113
Basophils level increase during
allergic reaction and parasitic infection
114
mediates inflammation; makes capillaries more permeable, allowing tissue fluid in the damaged area & makes tissue swollen (as in an allergy)
histamine
115
an anticoagulant that helps prevent abnormal clotting w/in blood vessels
heparin
116
what is the eosinophil count?
1% to 3%
117
eosinophils contain a variety of digestive enzyme that function during?
allergic reaction and parasitic infections
118
release chemicals that reduce inflammation especially those that degrade histamine to end an allergic reaction
eosinophils
119
are WBCs with no visible cytoplasmic granules when stained
Agranulocytes
120
smallest of the WBCs
lymphocyte
121
TRUE OR FALSE: Lymphocyte is bi-lobed
FALSE
122
lymphocytes mostly reside in the?
lymphatic tissue
123
any specific “non- self” or foreign molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte
antigen
124
What are the three types of lymphocyte?
T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
125
help recognize antigens & may directly destroy some antigens
t cells
126
become plasma cells that produce antibodies w/c bind to antigens
B cells
127
destroy foreign cells by chemically rupturing their membranes
natural killer cells
128
What WBC rejects grafts or donated organs and controls tumors?
Lymphocyte
129
Lymphocyte level increases during?
acute viral infections
130
largest of the WBCs
Monocytes
131
monocytes contain _______ shaped nucleus
horse-shoe or kidney-shaped
132
TRUE OR FALSE: Monocytes number is more than lymphocytes in the cytoplasm
True
133
Monocytes when they leave the bloodstream, they enlarge & differentiate into
macrophages
134
like the neutrophils, they phagocytize bacteria, dead cells & any other debris w/in the tissues; although they take longer to reach a site of infection than neutrophils, they are more efficient phagocytes
macrophages
135
type of macrophage which reside in a particular tissue; examples include alveolar macrophages in the lungs & macrophages in the spleen
fixed macrophages
136
what is the name of the macrophage in the lungs
alveolar macrophages
137
type of macrophage which roam the tissues & gather at sites of infection or inflammation
wandering macrophages
138
Monocytes increase during?
chronic infection
139
a laboratory test w/c requires a small sample of venous blood to determine one’s RBC, WBC & PLT count & other parameters
complete blood count
140
a count of each of the 5 types of WBCs w/c may be included in a CBC
differential WBC count
141
What are the functions of blood?
1. Transportation
2. Regulation
3. Protection
