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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels) Flashcards

1
Q

is the only part of a vessel that is in contact with blood

A

Tunica intima

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2
Q

Tunica intima is made of ________ called ______ which is continuous with the endocardium of the heart

A

simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

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3
Q

controls the diameter of the vessel’s lumen

A

tunica media

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4
Q

involved in the maintenance of normal blood pressure

A

tunica media

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5
Q

Tunica media is made of ______ and ____

A

smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

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6
Q

When the tunica media relaxes, its lumen diameter is high which causes?

A

vasodilation and decreases the blood pressure

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7
Q

is important to prevent the rupture or bursting of the larger arteries that carry blood under high pressure

A

Tunica externa

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8
Q

carry blood from the heart to the capillaries

A

arteries

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9
Q

where the exchange of materials between the blood & tissues take place

A

capillaries

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10
Q

have higher pressures since they directly arise from the heart

A

arteries

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11
Q

the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart

A

hydrostatic pressure

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the hydrostatic pressure increases as it gets farther from the heart

A

FALSE

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13
Q

arteries, as they branch out usually ____ or connect with one another to provide alternate routes for the flow of blood

A

anastomose

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14
Q

Flow of blood

A

collateral circulation

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15
Q

the artery which has the highest hydrostatic pressure

A

aorta

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16
Q

where all the large, medium & small arteries of the systemic circulation arise from

A

aorta

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17
Q

smallest, almost microscopic, arteries that branch off the small arteries into capillaries

A

arterioles

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18
Q

its smooth muscles control the amount of blood reaching the capillaries

A

arterioles

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19
Q

are thin-walled, microscopic vessels (5-10 μm wide) which connect the arterioles & venules (smallest veins)

A

capillaries

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20
Q

they surround almost every cell in the body, and are highly metabolic

A
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21
Q

capillaries are more numerous in _____

A

muscles, liver, kidneys, and nervous system

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22
Q

capillaries are fewer in the _____

A

tendons and ligaments

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23
Q

capillaries are absent in

A

covering and lining epithelia, cornea, and cartilage

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24
Q

capillaries are made up of

A

endothelium

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25
Q

their thin walls permit exchange of substances between blood & interstitial fluid

A

capillaries

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the rate of blood flow in
capillaries is fast to permit sufficient time for the exchange of substances

A

False

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27
Q

refers to the movement of substances between blood & interstitial fluid w/c occurs mostly via diffusion & filtration

A

capillary exchange

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28
Q

since the O2 level of blood is high, it diffuses from blood to tissue; since CO2 concentration in tissues is high, it moves from tissues to blood

A

diffusion

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29
Q

occurs in the arterial end of a capillary; the high hydrostatic pressure pushes plasma & dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids & vitamins) out of the capillaries & into interstitial fluid

A

filtration

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30
Q

follows filtration; occurs in the venous end of a capillary; since there is low hydrostatic pressure in this area, the high colloid osmotic pressure exerted by albumin in the blood pulls back most of the pushed fluid from the tissues into the capillaries

A

reabsorption

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31
Q

What capillary end has higher hydrostatic pressure?

A

arterial end

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32
Q

the rest of the excess interstitial fluid is absorbed by the

A

lymphatic system

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33
Q

What do the arterial end of the capillary pushes out to the interstitial fluid?

A

plasma and dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, and vitamins)

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34
Q

What do the venous end of capillary pushes in?

A

interstitial fluid or tissue fluid

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35
Q

is swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body’s tissues.

A

edema

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36
Q

carry blood from capillaries back to the heart

A

veins

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Veins have thicker tunica media and externa than arteries.

A

FALSE

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38
Q

What do the tunica intima of veins contain?

A

valves

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39
Q

when the blood moves toward the heart, their valves will?

A

open

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40
Q

caused by increased blood pressure in the veins

A

varicose veins

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41
Q

they are blood reservoirs

A

veins

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42
Q

when the need for blood arises (e.g. hemorrhage, exercise), the tunica media of the veins ____ to increase venous return to the heart

A

constrict

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43
Q

small, almost microscopic, veins that carry blood away from the capillaries toward the heart

A

venules

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44
Q

the largest of all the veins w/c return blood back to the heart

A

venae cavae

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45
Q

smooth muscles in the tunica media constricts to promote

A

venous return

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46
Q

the veins _____prevents backflow of blood and promote venous return against gravity

A

valves

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47
Q

What are the three Mechanisms that promote venous return?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction and Venous Valves
  2. Skeletal muscle pump
  3. Respiratory Pump
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48
Q

contraction of the skeletal muscles surrounding the veins causes “milking” of the veins between these muscles which squeeze blood towards the heart

A

skeletal muscle pump

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49
Q

affects veins that pass through the
thoracic cavity

A

Respiratory pump

50
Q

this mechanism is based on the alternating compression & decompression of veins

A

respiratory pump

51
Q

Explain the mechanism of respiratory pump during inhalation.

A

during inhalation, the diaphragm moves downward causing a low intrathoracic pressure & high abdominal pressure; this causes the veins in the abdominal cavity to be compressed thus allowing blood to flow into the decompressed thoracic veins

52
Q

also called hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure

53
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

millimeters mercury

54
Q

What is the normal blood pressure in young adult during systole and diastole?

A

110 mmHg (systole)
70 mmHg (diastole)

55
Q

What is the blood pressure at the venous ends of the capillaries?

A

12 to 15 mmHg

56
Q

When the blood returns to the ____ the blood pressure reaches 0 mmHg

A

right atrium

57
Q

What is the normal range for systolic BP in adults

A

90-120 mmHg

58
Q

What is the normal range for diastolic BP in adults?

A

60-80 mmHg

59
Q

refers to a systemic BP consistently higher than the normal range

A

hypertension

60
Q

a lower than normal systemic BP

A

hypotension

61
Q

BP depends greatly on the blood volume or the cardiac output w/c is normally about 5 liters

A

blood volume

62
Q

What are the determinants of Blood Pressure?

A
  1. blood volume
  2. Pumping Action of the Heart
  3. Blood Viscosity
  4. Peripheral Resistance
63
Q

the more are the formed elements, the greater the blood viscosity

A

Blood Viscosity

64
Q

refers to the opposition to blood flow due to friction bet. blood & the walls of the blood vessels

A

Peripheral Resistance

65
Q

enzyme released by kidneys to the bloodstream in responseBP,

A

renin

66
Q

a plasma protein synthesized by the liver which splits to become angiotensin I in the presence of renin in the blood

A

angiotensinogen

67
Q

released by the lungs; converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

68
Q

Angiotensin II has two actions what are these?

A

vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone

69
Q

hormone released by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; causes Na+ reabsorption & blood volume

A

aldosterone

70
Q

Differentiate Aldosterone from Antidiuretic hormone

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney while antidiuretic hormone increases water reabsorption

71
Q

a continuous vessel divided into sections that are named anatomically: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, & abdominal aorta

A

aorta

72
Q

first division of the aorta w/c curves upward from the left ventricle of the heart

A

ascending aorta

73
Q

the only branches of the ascending aorta; they supply the myocardium of the heart

A

right and left coronary arteries

74
Q

second division of the aorta w/c arches to the left from the ascending aorta

A

aortic arch

75
Q

what are the three branches of aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

76
Q

Aortic arch supplies what part of the body?

A

head, neck, and upper extremities

77
Q

where the baroreceptors & chemoreceptors that help regulate BP could be found

A

aortic arch

78
Q

third division of the aorta w/c plunges downward from the aortic arch through the thorax following the spine

A

thoracic aorta

79
Q

what part of the bodies do the thoracic aorta supply blood to?

A

skin, muscles and bones of the trunk, diaphragm, and esophagus

80
Q

last division of the aorta w/c passes through the diaphragm from the thoracic aorta into the abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal aorta

81
Q

What parts of the body does the abdominal aorta supply blood to?

A

abdominopelvic cavity and lower extremities

82
Q

are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta w/c supply blood to the lower extremities

A

right and left common iliac arteries

83
Q

where the temporal pulse could be
palpated

A

superficial temporal artery

84
Q

where the carotid pulse could be palpated

A

common carotid artery

85
Q

should not be palpated together as doing so may interrupt blood flow to the brain

A

common carotid artery

86
Q

where the brachial pulse could be palpated

A

brachial artery

87
Q

commonly used for assessing blood pressure

A

brachial artery

88
Q

where the radial pulse could be palpated

A

radial artery

89
Q

commonly used for assessing pulse rate & for withdrawing an arterial blood specimen

A

radial artery

90
Q

where the femoral pulse could be palpated

A

femoral artery

91
Q

commonly used entry site for cardiac catheterization to gain access to the coronary arteries

A

femoral artery

92
Q

where the popliteal pulse could be palpated

A

popliteal artery

93
Q

where the posterior tibial pulse could be palpated ( just behind the medial malleolus)

A

posterior tibial artery

94
Q

where the dorsalis pedis pulse could be palpated ( just on top of the foot over the 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform)

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

95
Q

returns blood from the head, neck, thorax & upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart

A

superior vena cava

96
Q

returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis & lower limbs to the right atrium

A

inferior vena cava

97
Q

a superficial vein that descends vertically through the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

external jugular vein

98
Q

External jugular vein first drains blood to the _____ before it reaches to the superior vena cava

A

subclavian vein

99
Q

distention of this vein may
indicate circulatory overload

A

external jugular vein

100
Q

commonly used site for administering substances intravenously or for withdrawing venous blood specimen

A

median cubital vein

101
Q

a superficial vein on the upper limb specifically on the antecubital space

A

median cubital vein

102
Q

longest vein in the body

A

great saphenous vein

103
Q

ascends along the medial side of the entire limb to empty into the common iliac vein which is a direct tributary of the inferior vena cava

A

great saphenous vein

104
Q

a union of arteries at the base of the
brain around the pituitary gland

A

circle of Willis

105
Q

an important arterial anastomosis which facilitates continuous blood supply to the brain by providing more than one route for blood to reach brain tissue in case of a clot or impaired blood flow in the system

A

circle of Willis

106
Q

unites the brain’s anterior & posterior blood supplies provided by the internal carotid & vertebral arteries which are branches of the aortic arch

A

circle of willis

107
Q

What are the blood vessels that unite in the circle of Willis?

A

Posterior communicating artery
Anterior communicating artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery

108
Q

a vein that carries blood
from one capillary network to another

A

portal system

109
Q

formed by the union of the splenic & superior mesenteric veins w/c receives blood from the capillaries of the digestive organs and delivers it to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

110
Q

exists only in the fetus & contains special structures that allow the developing fetus to exchange materials with its mother

A

fetal circulation

111
Q

the fetus obtains O2 & nutrients from & eliminates CO2 & other wastes into the

A

maternal blood

112
Q

a pancake-shaped organ at the end of the umbilical cord through which O2 & nutrients are obtained from the mother’s uterus

A

placenta

113
Q

carries O2-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta

A

umbilical vein

114
Q

carries O2-poor blood from the fetus back to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries

115
Q

blood from the umbilical vein bypasses the ______by flowing through the ductus venosus w/c drains into the inferior vena cava

A

immature fetal liver

116
Q

blood bypasses the immature fetal lungs by flowing from the pulmonary trunk through the _______ to the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

117
Q

blood also bypasses the fetal lungs by flowing from the right to the left atrium through the ________ (an opening in the interatrial septum)

A

foramen ovale

118
Q

after birth, the fetal circulation converts into _______ when the functions of the lung & liver begin

A

postnatal circulation

119
Q

the remnant
of the ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

120
Q

the
remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

121
Q

the remnant of the
foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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