Lymphatic System Flashcards
refers to the excess interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic system & is emptied into the blood as plasma
lymph
What do the lymphatic vessels transport? and is absorbed by?
lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and is absorbed by the GI tract
initiates highly specific responses directed against certain pathogens & malignant or abnormal body cells.
lymphatic tissue
refers to any microorganism (bacteria, virus, etc.) capable of causing disease
pathogen
drain the interstitial spaces of excess fluid
lymphatic capillaries
are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine; they absorb the dietary lipids & lipid- soluble vitamins.
lacteals
receive the lymph passed on by the lymphatic capillaries & carry it away from the tissues
lymphatic vessels
resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls
lymphatic vessels
have more valves than
veins to prevent backflow & ensure one-way flow of lymph
lymphatic vessels
What are the factors that promote lymph movement?
skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels & empty it to the blood to become plasma
lymphatic ducts
receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck & chest; the left upper limb; & the entire body below the ribs
thoracic duct
thoracic duct drains lymph into the venous blood at the ___________ and then to the heart visa the superior vena cava
left subclavian vein
specialized form of connective tissue which contains large numbers of lymphocytes
lymphatic tissue
What do lymphatic tissues contain?
red bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
What is the main function of lymph nodes?
to filter lymph
their fibers trap bacteria & other foreign substances, w/c get broken down by macrophages & by immune responses involving lymphocytes
lymph nodes
carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to the lymph nodes for “cleansing”
afferent lymph vessels
carry the “cleansed” lymph from the lymph nodes to the lymphatic ducts where they enter the blood
efferent lymph vessels
How many lymph nodes are there in the body?
600
located along jugular veins & carotid arteries; filter lymph from the head & neck
cervical nodes
located in the armpit; filter lymph from the upper limbs
axillary nodes
located in superior thigh; filter lymph from the lower limbs
inguinal nodes
refers to any disorder of the lymph nodes; could be inflammation, enlargement or a tumor in the lymph nodes w/c happens when overwhelming numbers of foreign substances (i.e. bacteria, cancer cells) are trapped in the nodes but are not destroyed or rapidly removed
lymphadenopathy
TRUE OR FALSE: superficial lymph nodes are not palpable
True
carry lymph from blood capillaries to lymph nodes.
afferent lymphatic vessels
carry lymph away from lymph nodes into lymphatic ducts
efferent lymphatic vessels
Trace the pathway
blood plasma —> interstitial fluid —>lymphatic capillaries —> lymphatic vessels —> afferent lymphatic vessels —> lymph nodes —> efferent lymphatic vessels —> lymphatic ducts —> subclavian veins
the site where hemocytoblasts differentiate to become lymphoid stem cells which give rise to the lymphocytes
red bone marrow
What cell mature in the red bone marrow?
B lymphocytes or B cells
is a bi-lobed gland inferior to the thyroid gland
thymus
is the site for the maturation of T lymphocytes
thymus
an oval-shaped organ located in the left hypochondriac region bet. the stomach & diaphragm
spleen
has macrophages & lymphocytes that destroy pathogens in the blood & remove worn-out blood cells
spleen
are small, egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath the epithelium of all mucous membranes
lymphatic nodules
are clusters or aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in the distal half of the small intestine & the appendix
Peyer’s Patches
are 3 large groups of lymphatic nodules located within the pharynx/throat
tonsils
2 tonsils located at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsil
or “adenoid”; a single tonsil located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity; can interfere with normal breathing if swollen/inflamed
pharyngeal tonsil
2 tonsils, each located on the lateral walls of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; what we commonly call “the tonsils”
palatine tonsils
is the ability to ward off damage or
disease through our defenses
immunity
is the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material & to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases
immunity
refers to a vulnerability or lack of resistance
susceptibility
are membrane proteins w/c are cell markers that identify cells
antigens
recognized by our body as “non-self” or “foreign” will be destroyed by our immune cells
antigens
also called “non-specific immunity”
innate immunity
refers to defenses that are present
at birth
innate immunity
does not involve specific recognition of a foreign antigen
innate immunity
does not create memory, and its responses are always the same regardless of the target
innate immunity
innate immunity makes up the _______ lines of defense
1st and 2nd
primarily involves intact skin & mucous membranes, the inflammatory response & a number of chemicals & defensive cells
innate immunity
refers to defenses that involve specific
recognition of a foreign antigen
adaptive immunity
our 3rd line of defense but works hand- in-hand with our innate immunity defenses
adaptive immunity
very specific as to its target, may involve antibodies, does create memory, & may become more efficient
adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity involves the ________ and ________
T and B lymphocytes and macrophages
a system of physical & chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body
first line of defense
several internal mechanisms which provide defense when pathogens penetrate the barriers that make up the first line of defense
second line of defense
What are the different physical barriers of the First line of Defense?
a. skin
b. nose and mouth
c, eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urethra
provides a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microbes
epidermis
periodic ________ of ______ helps remove microbes at the skin surface
shedding of epidermal cells
produce sweat that flushes away microbes
sweat glands
filter dust & microbes
nasal hairs
traps microbes
mucus
move them away
cilia
washes microbes from tooth surfaces & oral mucous membranes
saliva
secretes tears that dilute & wash away irritants & microbes
lacrimal apparatus
expel microbes from the stomach & intestines
vomiting and defecation
flush microbes out of the vagina
vaginal secretions
washes microbes from the urethra
urine flow
form acidic film that prevents growth of microbes
sebaceous glands
in sweat destroy microbes
lysozyme
What are the different chemical barriers?
a. skin
b. mouth
c. eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urine
destroys most
bacteria & toxins in the stomach
acidic gastric juice
discourages
bacterial growth
vaginal acidity
its acidic pH inhibits bacterial
growth
urine
a group of plasma proteins produced by the liver that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive, non-functional form
complement
a process in which complement is activated by a series of reactions, these complement proteins form holes in microbial membranes, thereby causing them to burst
cytolysis
a process in which activated complement proteins also attract phagocytes to a site
chemotaxis
are proteins produced by cells infected w/ viruses & by T lymphocytes
interferons
blocks the replication or reproduction of viruses, preventing them from infecting unaffected cells
interferons
the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris
phagocytosis
are specialized cells, primarily neutrophils & macrophages, that perform phagocytosis
phagocytes
What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
- killing
refers to the migration of phagocytes to the site of damage due to attraction by chemicals that come from invading microbes, WBCs, damaged tissue cells, or activated complement proteins
chemotaxis
the attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe or other foreign material, enhanced by activated complement proteins
adherence
the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a
phagosome
the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a phagosome
ingestion
the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a
phagolysosome
the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome
digestion
the digestive enzymes in the
lysosome quickly kills the microbe
killing
cells on the skin’s epidermis w/c also phagocytize foreign material, not merely to destroy it, but to take it to a lymph node where the adaptive immunity defenses are then activated
langerhans cells
their response is non-specific (unlike the T & B cells) & can act spontaneously against any target
natural killer cells
What chemical is excreted by the natural killer cells?
perforins
are cells found throughout areolar
connective tissue
mast cells
What do mast cells produce?
histamine and leukotrienes
causes vasodilation & makes capillaries more permeable or “leaky”
histamine
alsocapillary permeability & attract phagocytes to the area of tissue damage
leukotrienes
WBCs w/c also release histamine
in response to tissue damage
basophils
is a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage of any kind: microbial, chemical, or physical
inflammation
its main purpose is to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause, & permit repair of the tissue to begin
inflammation
What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms?
redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
heat (calor)
edema/swelling (tumor)
What are the three basic stages of inflammation?
a. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
b. phagocyte migration
c. tissue repair
result from the large amount of blood that accumulates in the damaged area
heat or redness
results from increased permeability of capillaries, w/c permits more fluid to move from blood plasma into interstitial spaces
edema or swelling
pain is brought about by the release of
prostaglandins
the increased permeability of capillaries allows leakage of blood-clotting factors into tissues & the ______ is set into motion to prevent blood loss
clotting cascade
What happens in the phagocyte migration?
chemotaxis and diapedesis
since phagocytes die rapidly during the inflammatory response, their cellular debris accumulate & a fluid called
pus
vasodilation &capillary permeability in the 1st stage blood flow w/c brings more O2 & nutrients to the damaged area to aid in tissue repair
tissue repair
in response to microbial toxins, neutrophils, macrophages, & other cells release ______ w/c are chemicals that affect the body’s thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus
pyrogens
Fever enhances the effects of _____
interferons
What are the properties of Adaptive Immunity?
specificity and Memory
What property of adaptive immunity only recognize & act against particular pathogens or foreign substances
specificity
adaptive immunity defenses recognize & mount even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens & foreign substances
memory
TRUE OR FALSE: second encounter with an antigen prompts even more slower response
False
originate from lymphoid stem cells w/c differentiate from the hemocytoblasts of red bone marrow
lymphocytes
circulate in both blood & lymph & are located in lymphatic tissues
lymphocytes
comprise 70-80% of all lymphocytes
t lymphocytes
T lymphocytes mature in?
thymus
are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it
mature T cells
provides cell-mediated immunity in w/c T cells, once activated, directly interact with antigen- bearing cells/agents to destroy them
T cells
provides __________ in w/c B cells, once activated, indirectly interact with antigen-bearing cells/agents to destroy them by producing antibodies
antibody mediated immunity
are phagocytes w/c are involved in both innate & adaptive immunity
macrophages
macrophages play a role in adaptive immunity by acting as
antigen presenters
binds to both the foreign antigen presented on the macrophage’s surface and with the “self” antigens for comparison.
helper T cell or CD4 T cell
The macrophage, in addition, releases _______, which enhance the activation of helper T cells
monokines
Activated helper T cells release their
cytokines
stimulate proliferation & activity of other helper T cells and help activate other T cell groups which provide for cell-mediated immunity & B cells which provide for antibody- mediated immunity
cytokines
is effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, & fungi located inside cells; and also against some cancer cells & foreign tissue transplants.
cell-mediated immunity
What is involved in the cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
the activated helper T cells divide or proliferate & differentiate into
active helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
w/c chemically destroy the membranes of cells/agents containing the invading antigen
cytotoxic T cells
w/c will remember the specific foreign antigen & become active if it enters the body again; they quickly initiate the cell-mediated immune response should there be a future exposure to the antigen.
Memory T cells
this mechanism of immunity involves the production of antibodies
antibody mediated immunity
is effective against extracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi in blood and body fluids
antibody mediated immunity
plasma cells synthesize and secrete a protein called?
immunoglobulin or antibody
The antibodies released by the plasma cells bind w/ the specific antigen, forming an
antigen-antibody complex
What are the responses of antigen-antibody complex?
immobilize bacteria
neutralize antigen (toxins) or prevent attachment to cells (viruses)
clump antigens together (agglutination) for subsequent phagocytosis
activate complement
attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis
where is IgG located?
blood and lymph
the only class of antibody to cross the placenta
IgG
provides passive immunity for
newborns
provides long-term immunity following recovery from infection or administration of a vaccine
IgG
Where is IgA located?
secretions of all mucous membranes (sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, GI secretions) & breast milk
provides passive immunity for
breast-fed newborns
IgA
provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria & viruses
IgA
Where is IgM located?
blood
first antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen
IgM
produced first during an infection
IgM
are the anti-A & anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group w/c bind w/ antigens to cause agglutination during transfusion reactions
IgM
Where is IgD located?
blood and lymph , particularly on B lymphocytes
serve as antigen receptors on the surfaces of B cells w/c are involved in its activation
IgD
Where is IgE located?
blood, mast cells, basophils
involved in allergic &
hypersensitivity reactions
provides protection against parasitic worms
IgE
occurs during subsequent exposure to the antigen
Secondary Response
is conferred by our DNA
Genetic Immunity
does not involve antibodies or the immune defenses but is the result of our genetic makeup
Genetic Immunity
results in certain pathogens incapable of causing disease in all human species
Genetic Immunity
involves antibodies
Acquired Immunity
means that the individual produces his or her own antibodies; the type of immunity that stays with you for long periods (usually for life), as the memory cells & long- lasting antibodies remain with you.
active immunity
means that antibodies are from another source (from another person or animal) therefore “pre-made”; however, the immunity it provides is fleeting; once the antibodies degrade, so does the immunity because there are no immune cells to produce new antibodies.
passive immunity
What are the four Acquired Immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artficially Acquired active Immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immuniy
stimulation of an immune response w/ symptoms of a disease; there is recovery from the disease, w/ production of antibodies & memory cells
naturally acquired active immunity
what is the exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or killed pathogens
attenuated vaccine
stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease
artificially acquired active immunity
placental transmission of antibodies (IgG) from mother to fetus; transmission of antibodies in breast milk (IgA)
Naturally acquired passive immunity
short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response
naturally acquired passive immunity
is a laboratory test that measures the level of certain antibodies in a blood sample
antibody titer
positive values indicate specific immunity to a previously-acquired disease or to previous vaccination
Antibody titer
is a laboratory test that measures the level of a specific antigen in a blood sample
antigen assay
positive values indicate active infection or presence of antigen in the body
antigen assay
