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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the excess interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic system & is emptied into the blood as plasma

A

lymph

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2
Q

What do the lymphatic vessels transport? and is absorbed by?

A

lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and is absorbed by the GI tract

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3
Q

initiates highly specific responses directed against certain pathogens & malignant or abnormal body cells.

A

lymphatic tissue

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4
Q

refers to any microorganism (bacteria, virus, etc.) capable of causing disease

A

pathogen

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5
Q

drain the interstitial spaces of excess fluid

A

lymphatic capillaries

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6
Q

are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine; they absorb the dietary lipids & lipid- soluble vitamins.

A

lacteals

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7
Q

receive the lymph passed on by the lymphatic capillaries & carry it away from the tissues

A

lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls

A

lymphatic vessels

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9
Q

have more valves than
veins to prevent backflow & ensure one-way flow of lymph

A

lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

What are the factors that promote lymph movement?

A

skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

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11
Q

receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels & empty it to the blood to become plasma

A

lymphatic ducts

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12
Q

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck & chest; the left upper limb; & the entire body below the ribs

A

thoracic duct

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13
Q

thoracic duct drains lymph into the venous blood at the ___________ and then to the heart visa the superior vena cava

A

left subclavian vein

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14
Q

specialized form of connective tissue which contains large numbers of lymphocytes

A

lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

What do lymphatic tissues contain?

A

red bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic nodules

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16
Q

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

A

to filter lymph

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17
Q

their fibers trap bacteria & other foreign substances, w/c get broken down by macrophages & by immune responses involving lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes

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18
Q

carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to the lymph nodes for “cleansing”

A

afferent lymph vessels

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19
Q

carry the “cleansed” lymph from the lymph nodes to the lymphatic ducts where they enter the blood

A

efferent lymph vessels

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20
Q

How many lymph nodes are there in the body?

A

600

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21
Q

located along jugular veins & carotid arteries; filter lymph from the head & neck

A

cervical nodes

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22
Q

located in the armpit; filter lymph from the upper limbs

A

axillary nodes

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23
Q

located in superior thigh; filter lymph from the lower limbs

A

inguinal nodes

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24
Q

refers to any disorder of the lymph nodes; could be inflammation, enlargement or a tumor in the lymph nodes w/c happens when overwhelming numbers of foreign substances (i.e. bacteria, cancer cells) are trapped in the nodes but are not destroyed or rapidly removed

A

lymphadenopathy

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: superficial lymph nodes are not palpable

A

True

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26
Q

carry lymph from blood capillaries to lymph nodes.

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

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27
Q

carry lymph away from lymph nodes into lymphatic ducts

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

Trace the pathway

A

blood plasma —> interstitial fluid —>lymphatic capillaries —> lymphatic vessels —> afferent lymphatic vessels —> lymph nodes —> efferent lymphatic vessels —> lymphatic ducts —> subclavian veins

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29
Q

the site where hemocytoblasts differentiate to become lymphoid stem cells which give rise to the lymphocytes

A

red bone marrow

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30
Q

What cell mature in the red bone marrow?

A

B lymphocytes or B cells

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31
Q

is a bi-lobed gland inferior to the thyroid gland

A

thymus

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32
Q

is the site for the maturation of T lymphocytes

A

thymus

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33
Q

an oval-shaped organ located in the left hypochondriac region bet. the stomach & diaphragm

A

spleen

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34
Q

has macrophages & lymphocytes that destroy pathogens in the blood & remove worn-out blood cells

A

spleen

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35
Q

are small, egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath the epithelium of all mucous membranes

A

lymphatic nodules

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36
Q

are clusters or aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in the distal half of the small intestine & the appendix

A

Peyer’s Patches

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37
Q

are 3 large groups of lymphatic nodules located within the pharynx/throat

A

tonsils

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38
Q

2 tonsils located at the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsil

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39
Q

or “adenoid”; a single tonsil located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity; can interfere with normal breathing if swollen/inflamed

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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40
Q

2 tonsils, each located on the lateral walls of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; what we commonly call “the tonsils”

A

palatine tonsils

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41
Q

is the ability to ward off damage or
disease through our defenses

A

immunity

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42
Q

is the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material & to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases

A

immunity

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43
Q

refers to a vulnerability or lack of resistance

A

susceptibility

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44
Q

are membrane proteins w/c are cell markers that identify cells

A

antigens

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45
Q

recognized by our body as “non-self” or “foreign” will be destroyed by our immune cells

A

antigens

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46
Q

also called “non-specific immunity”

A

innate immunity

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47
Q

refers to defenses that are present
at birth

A

innate immunity

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48
Q

does not involve specific recognition of a foreign antigen

A

innate immunity

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49
Q

does not create memory, and its responses are always the same regardless of the target

A

innate immunity

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50
Q

innate immunity makes up the _______ lines of defense

A

1st and 2nd

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51
Q

primarily involves intact skin & mucous membranes, the inflammatory response & a number of chemicals & defensive cells

A

innate immunity

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52
Q

refers to defenses that involve specific
recognition of a foreign antigen

A

adaptive immunity

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53
Q

our 3rd line of defense but works hand- in-hand with our innate immunity defenses

A

adaptive immunity

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54
Q

very specific as to its target, may involve antibodies, does create memory, & may become more efficient

A

adaptive immunity

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55
Q

Adaptive immunity involves the ________ and ________

A

T and B lymphocytes and macrophages

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56
Q

a system of physical & chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

first line of defense

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57
Q

several internal mechanisms which provide defense when pathogens penetrate the barriers that make up the first line of defense

A

second line of defense

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58
Q

What are the different physical barriers of the First line of Defense?

A

a. skin
b. nose and mouth
c, eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urethra

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59
Q

provides a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microbes

A

epidermis

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60
Q

periodic ________ of ______ helps remove microbes at the skin surface

A

shedding of epidermal cells

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61
Q

produce sweat that flushes away microbes

A

sweat glands

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62
Q

filter dust & microbes

A

nasal hairs

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63
Q

traps microbes

A

mucus

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64
Q

move them away

A

cilia

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65
Q

washes microbes from tooth surfaces & oral mucous membranes

A

saliva

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66
Q

secretes tears that dilute & wash away irritants & microbes

A

lacrimal apparatus

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67
Q

expel microbes from the stomach & intestines

A

vomiting and defecation

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68
Q

flush microbes out of the vagina

A

vaginal secretions

69
Q

washes microbes from the urethra

A

urine flow

70
Q

form acidic film that prevents growth of microbes

A

sebaceous glands

71
Q

in sweat destroy microbes

A

lysozyme

72
Q

What are the different chemical barriers?

A

a. skin
b. mouth
c. eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urine

73
Q

destroys most
bacteria & toxins in the stomach

A

acidic gastric juice

74
Q

discourages
bacterial growth

A

vaginal acidity

75
Q

its acidic pH inhibits bacterial
growth

A

urine

76
Q

a group of plasma proteins produced by the liver that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive, non-functional form

A

complement

77
Q

a process in which complement is activated by a series of reactions, these complement proteins form holes in microbial membranes, thereby causing them to burst

A

cytolysis

78
Q

a process in which activated complement proteins also attract phagocytes to a site

A

chemotaxis

79
Q

are proteins produced by cells infected w/ viruses & by T lymphocytes

A

interferons

80
Q

blocks the replication or reproduction of viruses, preventing them from infecting unaffected cells

A

interferons

81
Q

the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris

A

phagocytosis

82
Q

are specialized cells, primarily neutrophils & macrophages, that perform phagocytosis

A

phagocytes

83
Q

What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. digestion
  5. killing
84
Q

refers to the migration of phagocytes to the site of damage due to attraction by chemicals that come from invading microbes, WBCs, damaged tissue cells, or activated complement proteins

A

chemotaxis

85
Q

the attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe or other foreign material, enhanced by activated complement proteins

A

adherence

86
Q

the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a

A

phagosome

87
Q

the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a phagosome

A

ingestion

88
Q

the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a

A

phagolysosome

89
Q

the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome

A

digestion

90
Q

the digestive enzymes in the
lysosome quickly kills the microbe

A

killing

91
Q

cells on the skin’s epidermis w/c also phagocytize foreign material, not merely to destroy it, but to take it to a lymph node where the adaptive immunity defenses are then activated

A

langerhans cells

92
Q

their response is non-specific (unlike the T & B cells) & can act spontaneously against any target

A

natural killer cells

93
Q

What chemical is excreted by the natural killer cells?

A

perforins

94
Q

are cells found throughout areolar
connective tissue

A

mast cells

95
Q

What do mast cells produce?

A

histamine and leukotrienes

96
Q

causes vasodilation & makes capillaries more permeable or “leaky”

A

histamine

97
Q

alsocapillary permeability & attract phagocytes to the area of tissue damage

A

leukotrienes

98
Q

WBCs w/c also release histamine
in response to tissue damage

A

basophils

99
Q

is a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage of any kind: microbial, chemical, or physical

A

inflammation

100
Q

its main purpose is to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause, & permit repair of the tissue to begin

A

inflammation

101
Q

What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms?

A

redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
heat (calor)
edema/swelling (tumor)

102
Q

What are the three basic stages of inflammation?

A

a. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
b. phagocyte migration
c. tissue repair

103
Q

result from the large amount of blood that accumulates in the damaged area

A

heat or redness

104
Q

results from increased permeability of capillaries, w/c permits more fluid to move from blood plasma into interstitial spaces

A

edema or swelling

105
Q

pain is brought about by the release of

A

prostaglandins

106
Q

the increased permeability of capillaries allows leakage of blood-clotting factors into tissues & the ______ is set into motion to prevent blood loss

A

clotting cascade

107
Q

What happens in the phagocyte migration?

A

chemotaxis and diapedesis

108
Q

since phagocytes die rapidly during the inflammatory response, their cellular debris accumulate & a fluid called

A

pus

109
Q

vasodilation &capillary permeability in the 1st stage blood flow w/c brings more O2 & nutrients to the damaged area to aid in tissue repair

A

tissue repair

110
Q

in response to microbial toxins, neutrophils, macrophages, & other cells release ______ w/c are chemicals that affect the body’s thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus

A

pyrogens

111
Q

Fever enhances the effects of _____

A

interferons

112
Q

What are the properties of Adaptive Immunity?

A

specificity and Memory

113
Q

What property of adaptive immunity only recognize & act against particular pathogens or foreign substances

A

specificity

114
Q

adaptive immunity defenses recognize & mount even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens & foreign substances

A

memory

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: second encounter with an antigen prompts even more slower response

A

False

116
Q

originate from lymphoid stem cells w/c differentiate from the hemocytoblasts of red bone marrow

A

lymphocytes

117
Q

circulate in both blood & lymph & are located in lymphatic tissues

A

lymphocytes

118
Q

comprise 70-80% of all lymphocytes

A

t lymphocytes

119
Q

T lymphocytes mature in?

A

thymus

120
Q

are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it

A

mature T cells

121
Q

provides cell-mediated immunity in w/c T cells, once activated, directly interact with antigen- bearing cells/agents to destroy them

A

T cells

122
Q

provides __________ in w/c B cells, once activated, indirectly interact with antigen-bearing cells/agents to destroy them by producing antibodies

A

antibody mediated immunity

123
Q

are phagocytes w/c are involved in both innate & adaptive immunity

A

macrophages

124
Q

macrophages play a role in adaptive immunity by acting as

A

antigen presenters

125
Q

binds to both the foreign antigen presented on the macrophage’s surface and with the “self” antigens for comparison.

A

helper T cell or CD4 T cell

126
Q

The macrophage, in addition, releases _______, which enhance the activation of helper T cells

A

monokines

127
Q

Activated helper T cells release their

A

cytokines

128
Q

stimulate proliferation & activity of other helper T cells and help activate other T cell groups which provide for cell-mediated immunity & B cells which provide for antibody- mediated immunity

A

cytokines

129
Q

is effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, & fungi located inside cells; and also against some cancer cells & foreign tissue transplants.

A

cell-mediated immunity

130
Q

What is involved in the cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

131
Q

the activated helper T cells divide or proliferate & differentiate into

A

active helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells

132
Q

w/c chemically destroy the membranes of cells/agents containing the invading antigen

A

cytotoxic T cells

133
Q

w/c will remember the specific foreign antigen & become active if it enters the body again; they quickly initiate the cell-mediated immune response should there be a future exposure to the antigen.

A

Memory T cells

134
Q

this mechanism of immunity involves the production of antibodies

A

antibody mediated immunity

135
Q

is effective against extracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi in blood and body fluids

A

antibody mediated immunity

136
Q

plasma cells synthesize and secrete a protein called?

A

immunoglobulin or antibody

137
Q

The antibodies released by the plasma cells bind w/ the specific antigen, forming an

A

antigen-antibody complex

138
Q

What are the responses of antigen-antibody complex?

A

immobilize bacteria
neutralize antigen (toxins) or prevent attachment to cells (viruses)
clump antigens together (agglutination) for subsequent phagocytosis
activate complement
attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis

139
Q

where is IgG located?

A

blood and lymph

140
Q

the only class of antibody to cross the placenta

A

IgG

141
Q

provides passive immunity for
newborns
provides long-term immunity following recovery from infection or administration of a vaccine

A

IgG

142
Q

Where is IgA located?

A

secretions of all mucous membranes (sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, GI secretions) & breast milk

143
Q

provides passive immunity for
breast-fed newborns

A

IgA

144
Q

provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria & viruses

A

IgA

145
Q

Where is IgM located?

A

blood

146
Q

first antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen

A

IgM

147
Q

produced first during an infection

A

IgM

148
Q

are the anti-A & anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group w/c bind w/ antigens to cause agglutination during transfusion reactions

A

IgM

149
Q

Where is IgD located?

A

blood and lymph , particularly on B lymphocytes

150
Q

serve as antigen receptors on the surfaces of B cells w/c are involved in its activation

A

IgD

151
Q

Where is IgE located?

A

blood, mast cells, basophils

152
Q

involved in allergic &
hypersensitivity reactions
provides protection against parasitic worms

A

IgE

153
Q

occurs during subsequent exposure to the antigen

A

Secondary Response

154
Q

is conferred by our DNA

A

Genetic Immunity

155
Q

does not involve antibodies or the immune defenses but is the result of our genetic makeup

A

Genetic Immunity

156
Q

results in certain pathogens incapable of causing disease in all human species

A

Genetic Immunity

157
Q

involves antibodies

A

Acquired Immunity

158
Q

means that the individual produces his or her own antibodies; the type of immunity that stays with you for long periods (usually for life), as the memory cells & long- lasting antibodies remain with you.

A

active immunity

159
Q

means that antibodies are from another source (from another person or animal) therefore “pre-made”; however, the immunity it provides is fleeting; once the antibodies degrade, so does the immunity because there are no immune cells to produce new antibodies.

A

passive immunity

160
Q

What are the four Acquired Immunity?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity
Artficially Acquired active Immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immuniy

161
Q

stimulation of an immune response w/ symptoms of a disease; there is recovery from the disease, w/ production of antibodies & memory cells

A

naturally acquired active immunity

162
Q

what is the exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or killed pathogens

A

attenuated vaccine

163
Q

stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease

A

artificially acquired active immunity

164
Q

placental transmission of antibodies (IgG) from mother to fetus; transmission of antibodies in breast milk (IgA)

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

165
Q

short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

166
Q

is a laboratory test that measures the level of certain antibodies in a blood sample

A

antibody titer

167
Q

positive values indicate specific immunity to a previously-acquired disease or to previous vaccination

A

Antibody titer

168
Q

is a laboratory test that measures the level of a specific antigen in a blood sample

A

antigen assay

169
Q

positive values indicate active infection or presence of antigen in the body

A

antigen assay

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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