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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovasular System Platelets > Flashcards

Cardiovasular System Platelets Flashcards

1
Q

Platelets is also called?

A

thrombocytes

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2
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

140,000 to 440,000

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3
Q

Platelets are ____ true cells but are ______ that are remnants of ________ cells called____

A
  1. not
  2. cellular fragments
  3. bone marrow
  4. megakaryocytes
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4
Q

immature cells that give rise to PLTs; differentiate from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes

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5
Q

a hormone/hemopoietic growth factor produced by the liver that increases the rate of PLT production by stimulating the differentiation of myeloid stem cells to megakaryocytes

A

thrombopoietin

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6
Q

What is the shape of platelets?

A

irregularly disc-shaped
2-4 um
have many vesicles but no nucleus
short life span (5-9 days)

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7
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

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8
Q

the medical term for an abnormally low PLT count w/c indicates anrisk for bleeding

A

thrombocytopenia

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9
Q

is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding

A

hemostasis

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10
Q

stimulated in response to rupture or damage to blood vessels

A

hemostasis

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11
Q

refers to the loss of a large amount
of blood from the blood vessels

A

hemorrhage

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12
Q

In vascular spasm,

blood vessel damaged in traumatized tissue→PLTs in the area of the rupture release ______→smooth muscle in blood vessel wall _______ → vasoconstriction & _____→ blood flow to ruptured vessel

A
  1. serotonin
  2. contracts
  3. spasm
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13
Q

this process occurs immediately once blood vessel is damaged

A

Vascular spasm

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14
Q

this process occurs within seconds from damage to the blood vessel

A

Platelet Plug Formation

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15
Q

In platelet plug formation, platelets contact and stick to the damaged blood vessels. what process is this?

A

platelet adhesion

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16
Q

In platelet plug formation, platelets are activated and release _______ and ______. What is this process called?

A

Thromboxane A2 and ADP
the process is called platelet release reaction

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17
Q

In the third step of platelet plug formation, ADO and thromboxane A2 makes other platelets in the area _____that makes platelets adhere to the originally activated platelets.

what is the platelet gathering called?

A
  1. sticky
  2. platelet aggregation
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18
Q

Platelet aggregation then promotes the formation of _______

A

platelet plug

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19
Q

it is also called blood coagulation

A

blood clotting

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20
Q

a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in w/c the formed elements of blood are trapped

A

clot

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21
Q

is a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads

A

blood clotting

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22
Q

blood clotting involves several substances known as _____

A

clotting factors

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23
Q

blood clotting lead to formation of?

A

fibrin threads

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24
Q

is thus a complex cascade of _____ in which each clotting factor activates many molecules of the next one in a fixed sequence

A

enzymatic reaction

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25
Q

The clot begins to develop within _____ if the trauma is severe
And about _____ if the trauma is ______

A

15-20 seconds
1-2 minutes if minor

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26
Q

Clotting factors include _____ ions, ______, ______ and ______

A
  1. Ca++ ions
  2. plasma proteins
  3. inactive enzymes
  4. chemicals released by PLTs
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27
Q

Many of the clotting factors require _____ for their synthesis ( factors X, IX, VII and II)

A

vitamin K

28
Q

produced by the bacteria inhabiting the large intestine & stored in the liver

A

vitamin k

29
Q

How many clotting factors are there?

A

13

30
Q

are “brakes” which prevent abnormal blood clotting

A

Hemostatic control mechanism

31
Q

dissolution of a clot

A

fibrinolysis

32
Q

an inactive plasma enzyme incorporated into the clot when a clot is formed

A

plasminogen

33
Q

active enzyme that dissolves clots by digesting fibrin threads & inactivating fibrinogen & thrombin

A

plasmin or fibrinolysin

34
Q

substance released by injured tissues that activate plasminogen to plasmin

A

Tissue plasminogen activator t-PA

35
Q

the simple squamous epithelium w/c forms the inner lining of blood vessels

A

endothelium

36
Q

the smoothness of the endothelium prevents the activation of the _____

A

intrinsic coagulation pathway

37
Q

When the smoothness of the endothelium is lost, it activates ______ and ______

A

factor XII or Hageman factor
platelets

38
Q

a substance w/c delays, suppresses or prevents blood clotting usually by disrupting a chemical reaction in the clotting cascade

A

anticoagulant

39
Q

a natural anticoagulant produced by the liver w/c blocks the action of several clotting factors including factor XII, X & II

A

antithrombin

40
Q

antithrombin blocks the action of several clotting factors
what are these?

A

factor XII or Hageman Factor
factor X or Stuart-Prower factor
and factor II or prothrombin

41
Q

a natural anticoagulant produced by the basophils; combines w/ antithrombin & increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin

A

heparin

42
Q

medical term for clot

A

thrombus

43
Q

refers to the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

transfusion

44
Q

an unsuccessful transfusion may be caused by interactions bet. _____ and ___

A

agglutinogens and agglutinins

45
Q

are antigens found in the surfaces of RBCs w/c are genetically determined

A

agglutinogens

46
Q

are antibodies found in blood
plasma

A

agglutinins

47
Q

the clumping of RBCs w/c occurs when the antibodies in plasma bind to the antigens on the surface of the RBCs

A

Agglutination

48
Q

Agglutination can trigger ______ of RBCs, initiate clotting & disrupt blood supply to vital organs

A

hemolysis

49
Q

refers to categorizing blood into groups based on the presence or absence of surface antigens on their RBCs

A

blood grouping

50
Q

What are the two blood major group?

A

ABO and Rh

51
Q

is based on the presence (or absence) of two major protein antigens on RBC membranes - antigen A & antigen B.

A

ABO blood group

52
Q

List the blood types and their corresponding antigens

A

Type A- antigen A
Type B- antigen B
Type AB- both A and B antigen
Type O- have neither antigen A or B

53
Q

When there is a similar antigen, what happens?

A

agglutination

54
Q

the screening of one’s blood for the presence of antibodies to determine ABO blood type

A

ABO blood typing

55
Q

In ABO blood typing, the blood is mixed with different ____, which are solutions that contain antibodies

A

antisera

56
Q

In ABO blood typing, the antisera is mixed with the RBC , if the blood coagulates with blood A, what is its blood type?

A

type A

57
Q

helps ensure that donated blood will not bring about a hemolytic transfusion reaction in the recipient.

A

crossmatching

58
Q

What occurs if the antibodies on the recipient’s plasma reacts with the antigens on the donor’s RBCs and thus the donor’s blood is incompatible w/ the recipient’s?

A

agglutination

59
Q

Known as universal donor

A

Type O

60
Q

known as universal recipient

A

Type AB

61
Q

Rh blood group is named after?

A

rhesus monkey

62
Q

Rh blood group is also called

A

D antigen

63
Q

Human erythrocytes are classified as Rh positive or Rh negative depending solely on the presence or absence of the

A

D antigen

64
Q

If Rh positive?

A

D antigen is present

65
Q

Rh incompatibility is responsible for______ (HDN) or ________ which occurs in an Rh(-) mother which leads to death of second born Rh(+) child

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn
erythroblastosis fetalis

66
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn occurs during first or second pregnancy?

A

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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