Respiratory System

Question 1

5 main functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

• Regulation of blood pH/gases
  
  • Production of chemical mediators (e.g. Angiotensin (vasoconstrictor))
  • Voice production
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
    
    • Protection (pathogens/micro-organisms from entering the body)

Question 2

2 sections of resp system

Answer 2

the conducting zone and respiratory zone

Question 3

resp rate set point?

Answer 3

12-16 p/m

Question 4

adult goal posts of life

Answer 4

<10 / >30

Question 5

the conducting zone

Answer 5

consists of system structures adapted for air movement

gases are simply moved from the external environment to the area they can interact with blood

Question 6

respiratory zone

Answer 6

gas exchange between inspired air and blood

Question 7

how many lung lobes and their names

Answer 7

5

LEFT:
superior lobe
inferior lobe

RIGHT:
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe

Question 8

location of pharynx

Answer 8

commonly called the throat, is the passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

Question 9

pharynx split into

Answer 9

comprised of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 10

location and function of larynx

Answer 10

specialised section of airway responsible for voice production

Situated superior to trachea and inferior to oropharynx, hyoid bone + roof of tongue. At the level of C4-6 (middle of neck)

Question 11

location and function of epiglottis

Answer 11

The Epiglottis is a leaf shaped plate of elastic fibrocartilage situated between the tongue and superior opening of the larynx

Function - covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food/drink entering the trachea/airway/respiratory tract

Question 12

location and function of vocal folds

Answer 12

folds of membranous tissue which project inwards from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice

Question 13

location and function of trachea

Answer 13

Bifurcates (divides) at T5 into x2 bronchioles

comprised of rings of cartilage, with cells that produce mucous

Question 14

location and function of bronchial tree

Answer 14

a conducting structure that provides a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung

Question 15

anatomy and function of alveoli

Answer 15

a small air filled chamber where external respiration occurs
:
comprised of a single layer of epithelium surrounded by capillaries
Semi-permeable membrane 0.004mm thick
Large surface area

Question 16

location and function of pleura

Answer 16

surrounds the lungs, forms a serous (serum) membrane comprised of 2 layers

serous membrane therefore produces fluid which lubricates the two surfaces and allows them to glide freely during inspiration and expiration

Question 17

function of diaphragm

Answer 17

Dome shaped muscle
Contracts (flattens) to increase vertical length of the thoracic cavity
Accounts for 2/3 of air movement

Question 18

external respiration

Answer 18

The passage of atmospheric air in and out of the lungs and the exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli and the pulmonary blood capillaries

Question 19

internal respiration

Answer 19

Transfer of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells
Gases diffuse down the concentration gradient from a high to a low concentration

Question 20

simple diffusion

Answer 20

Dissolved substances (solutes) cross selectively (semi) permeable
membranes, establishing equal concentrations (equilibrium) on both sides.
solute move from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 21

osmosis

Answer 21

The movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low water concentration

Question 22

partial pressure

Answer 22

The partial pressure is a measure of the concentration of gas in a gaseous mixture
Amount of gas =/= partial pressure

Question 23

location and function of oropharynx

Answer 23

descends further down airway, just below the level of the soft palette

superior to laryngopharynx
inferior to nasopharynx

serves both digestive and respiratory systems

Question 24

x3 functions of medulla oblongata

Answer 24

Houses decussation of pyramids
Vomiting/coughing reflex
Speeds/Slows heart rate

Question 25

2 sections of pontine respiratory group

Answer 25

pneumotaxic and apneustic regions

Question 26

blood ph must be?

Answer 26

Blood must be between 7.35-7.45 pH (measurement of arterial blood gas)

Question 27

acidosis

Answer 27

Acidosis = too much C02 in the blood stream

Question 28

describe the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 28

Hydrogen ions cause acidity within the blood

to combat this Bicarbonate ions (chemical sponge) pick up excess H+ to make the blood more alkaline

Question 29

what are chemoreceptors

Answer 29

Specialised neurones in respond to changes in chemical in solution

Question 30

pitting oedema

Answer 30

a type of oedema that is associated with pitting or indentations in the affected areas

the excess fluid caused is usually composed of water

Question 31

surfactant

Answer 31

reduces surface tension

Question 32

cricoid cartilage

Answer 32

found at the level of the c6 vertebrae

serves to maintain airway patency (the ability of a person to breathe)

Question 33

mediastinal structure

Answer 33

a space in the thorax that lies in the midline of the chest

Question 34

function of mucous

Answer 34

prevents allergens, dust, and other harmful particles from entering your lungs

Question 35

x2 layers of pleura are? where are they?

Answer 35

visceral pleura (firmly attached to the lungs, covers the surface + dips into fissures)

Parietal pleura (lines the chest wall and superior surface of diaphragm)

Question 36

function of apneustic region

Answer 36

Allows access to inspiratory reserve (deep, gasping breath)

Question 37

function of pneumotaxic region

Answer 37

Responsible for limiting/inhibiting inspiration