Endocrine/Exocrine System

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood.

Question 2

exocrine system

Answer 2

the exocrine system is a series of glands that secrete chemicals into a ductal system to an epithelial surface (e.g. Sweat, saliva)

Question 3

hormone

Answer 3

Chemical mediators released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response.

Question 4

hypothalamus

Answer 4

located in the Diencephalon, regulates secretions of all glands

Question 5

pineal gland

Answer 5

Short stalk (pinecone) within the brain, not fully understood, is thought to regulate hormones such as melatonin

Question 6

thyroid gland

Answer 6

Gland responsible for producing hormones such as triiodothyronine t3 and thyroxine t4 to help regulate the body’s metabolism

Question 7

metabolism

Answer 7

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life - food breakdown to form energy

Question 8

pituitary gland

Answer 8

The master gland, that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions, it controls the function of most other hormone-secreting glands (such as the thyroid, adrenal, testes/ovaries etc)

Question 9

adrenal gland

Answer 9

The adrenal medulla is found in the centre of the adrenal gland. This is responsible for synthesising adrenaline & noradrenaline.

Question 10

cortisone

Answer 10

reduces inflammation

Question 11

cortisol

Answer 11

acts upon adipose tissue and stimulates gluconeogenesis

increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues

Question 12

4 cells of islet of langerhans

percentages and secretory functions

Answer 12

20% alpha cells secrete glucagon
70% beta cells secrete insulin
5% delta cells secrete somatostatin
5% F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Question 13

treatment for diabetes

3

Answer 13

Metformin = stops stored glycogen turning into glucose, inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Sulphonylurea = a class of medications used to treat type 2, they usually act on beta cells to secrete more insulin

Sulphonylurea Gliclazide = stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin

Question 14

diabetes mellitus type 1

aetiology

Answer 14

the body does not produce enough insulin

Macrophages phagocytose beta cells (no key for lock and key model) - beta cells are required for insulin secretions

caused by genetics, environmental, and auto-immune factors

cannot be prevented

Question 15

diabetes mellitus type 2

aetiology

Answer 15

either the body does not produce enough insulin or the body does not react to insulin

caused by lifestyle, genetics, aging

can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including sensible eating and exercise

Question 16

gestational diabetes

Answer 16

Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. Happens as a result of the extra demands placed on the body during pregnancy.

Question 17

(as a result of diabetes) hyperglycaemia

Answer 17

increased glucose in bloodstream due to lack of insulin or insulin receptors

Question 18

(as a result of diabetes) polyuria

Answer 18

excessive waste products that cause over-urination, excessive glucose promotes diffusion of water across membrane via osmosis OSMOTIC PULL

Question 19

(as a result of diabetes) polydipsia

Answer 19

knock on effect of polyuria

Question 20

(as a result of diabetes) polyphagia

Answer 20

glucose unable to reach cells so stimulates ghrelin release. It is caused by the metabolism of fat and protein. Brain thinks its starving, signals for more fuel, but the body is unable to metabolise it. This creates a viscous circle by increasing blood glucose levels.

Question 21

(as a result of diabetes) glucosuria

Answer 21

glucose unable to enter cells via lock and key model, remains in blood and is excreted

Question 22

(as a result of diabetes) anorexia

Answer 22

a lack of glucose within body cells causes metabolism of adipose tissue, this causes gluconeogenesis

Question 23

(as a result of diabetes) ketosis/acidosis

Answer 23

fat hydrolysis takes place when glucose cannot reach the cells, causing the release of ketones which make the blood acidic

Question 24

effects of hyperglycaemia

4

Answer 24

hypertension - large volumes of blood glucose cause an increase in Osmosis. Water leaves the cell and enters the blood, increasing blood volume, thus, increasing BP

polyuria - as a result of high BP, less ADH is produced, thus more urine is produced

polydipsia - caused by large volumes of urine being produced

anorexia - caused by a lack of glucose in the cells, energy cannot be produced, cell function becomes impaired, starvation mode occurs, cortisol is released (acts on adipose tissue, stimulates gluconeogenesis)

Question 25

ADH

Answer 25

anti-diuretic hormone

Question 26

what happens when the blood glucose levels in the blood rise?

Answer 26

beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood

liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

body cells take up more glucose

BM levels decline

Question 27

what happens when the glucose levels in the blood drop?

Answer 27

Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon

liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

BM levels increase