Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

name the key areas/structures of the heart

9

A
superior/inferior vena cava
right/left pulmonary trunk
right/left atria
right/left pulmonary veins
tricuspid valve
right/left ventricles
bicuspid valve
semilunar valve
chordae Tendinae
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2
Q

right side of heart function

A

receives blood from the body

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

left side of heart function

A

receives blood from the lungs

pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation

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4
Q

blood flow through the heart

13

A
1 - Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
2 - Right Atrium
3 - Tricuspid Valve
4 - Right Ventricle
5 - Pulmonary Valve
6 - Pulmonary Trunk
7 - Pulmonary Arteries (L+R)
8 - Pulmonary Veins
9 - Left Atrium
10 - Bicuspid Valve
11 - Left Ventricle
12 - Aortic Valve
13 - Aorta
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5
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

5

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior + inferior vena cava into the right atrium
    1. It passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
    2. The tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow
    3. The blood exits the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into either pulmonary artery
      1. Blood flows into the lungs to be reoxygenated in the pulmonary capillaries
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6
Q

describe systemic circulation

5

A
  1. Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
    1. The blood enters the left ventricle via the bicuspid/mitral valve
    2. The bicuspid valve closes as blood is forced into the aortic valve into the aorta
    3. The aortic valve closes to prevent backflow into the heart
    4. The aorta then carries oxygenated blood around the body via arteries, starting with the coronary arteries
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7
Q

cardiac output formula?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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8
Q

excitability

A

The ability to respond to stimulus and generate action potential/nerve impulse

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9
Q

conductivity

A

The ability to transfer the action potential

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10
Q

automaticity

A

The autonomous skill of generating an impulse without external stimuli

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11
Q

contractility

A

The ability to transfer electrical energy - mechanical

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12
Q

why is left side cardiac tissue thicker + larger surface area?

A

pumping harder as needs to pump blood systemically

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13
Q

cardiac (atrial and ventricular) diastole

A

when the chambers are relaxed and filling passively

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14
Q

atrial systole

A

when the atria contract leading to ventricular filling

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15
Q

ventricular systole

A

when blood is ejected into both the pulmonary artery and aorta

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16
Q

describe the electrical conduction of the heart

5 stages

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node depolarises and spreads signal across the atrium

signal connects to neighbouring Atrioventricular (AV) node through internodal tracts

the AV pauses the impulse, to allow blood to drain from the atria into the ventricles

the AV node transmits the signal to the bundle of his branches both left and right

these branches split down either side of the heart into the Purkinje fibres which causes the ventricles to contract

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17
Q

why is the delay between atria and ventricles important

A

if the ventricles and atrium contracted simultaneously they would be squeezing blood against each other

the delay allows the atrial blood to enter the ventricles, then for the ventricles to transport the blood further

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18
Q

describe the perfusion triangle

3 parts

A

heart - pump function
blood vessels - container function
blood - content function

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19
Q

atheroma

A

the buildup of materials that adhere to arteries

includes: fat. cholesterol. calcium

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20
Q

why are atheromas dangerous

A

they can burst into the bloodstream, body recognises this as a breakage/injury and responds by clotting

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21
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
pericardium

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22
Q

purpose of coronary arteries

A

to supply the myocardium with its own blood supply

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23
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure blood exerts onto the walls of the vessels

BP is higher in the large arteries and lower in large veins

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24
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

when the left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta

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25
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

when the heart is relaxing following the ejection of blood

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26
Q

normal BP reading

A

120 systolic

80 diastolic

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27
Q

bp measured in?

A

mm/mg millimetres of mercury

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28
Q

hypertension

A

140 systolic

90 diastolic

29
Q

hypotension

A

90 systolic

60 diastolic

30
Q

bp measured by?

A

sphygmomanometer

31
Q

what are the 5 factors that affect BP

A
cardiac output
blood volume
elasticity of arteries
peripheral resistance
venous return
32
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood the heart pumps from the left ventricle into the aorta in 1 minute

33
Q

blood volume

A

the amount of blood circulating the blood vessels

34
Q

peripheral resistance

A

the amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow throughout the circulatory system

35
Q

venous return

A

the flow of blood from the periphery back to the right atrium

36
Q

4 factors that assist venous return

A

position of body/gravity
muscular contraction (skeletal muscles apply pressure)
respiratory movements (thoracic pressure during inspiration + intra abdo pressure (downward motion of diaphragm))
suction of the heart (during rest)

37
Q

cardiac tissue

A

elongated, branching cells, with intercalated discs

38
Q

benefit of intercalated discs

A

aids in the conductivity of the heart muscle

39
Q

ischaemic

A

lack of blood and therefore oxygen

usually the result of a blockage/narrowing

40
Q

sclerosis

A

the stiffening or hardening of tissue

41
Q

contributing factors to atherosclerosis

A

obesity
smoking
inactive lifestyle
high cholesterol

42
Q

statin

A

lipid lowering drug that lowers fats produced by the liver

43
Q

stable angina

A

sometimes asymptomatic
small build up of fat
blood is still able to transport
During intense/strenuous exercise, these vessels will struggle

44
Q

unstable angina

A

more symptomatic
much larger builder of fat
more significant blockages
blood vessels struggle during low impact activity (pain woke patient up? = major problem)

45
Q

angina (Pectoris)

A

chest pain or discomfort caused by lack of blood flow/adequate tissue perfusion to the heart

46
Q

GTN stands for

A

glyceryl trinitrate

47
Q

gtn function

A

treatment of angina

widens blood vessels to re-establish blood perfusion to the cardiac tissue

48
Q

MI?

A

myocardial infarction

49
Q

3 main causes of MI

A

Blockage of coronary arteries

Turbulent blood that exposes the atheroma and causes a clot (THROMBUS)

A broken thrombus that travels through the blood and blocks a narrowing part of a vessel (EMBOLUS)

50
Q

what happens following myocardium damage

A

cardiac remodelling

51
Q

describe cardiac remodelling

A

changes to the shape, size and physiology of the heart

52
Q

2 types of cardiac remodelling

A

initial - repair of necrotic area + myocardial scarring

ongoing - long lasting, less elliptical (oval), and more spherical

53
Q

3 types of MI

A

anterior
lateral
septal

54
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

Catheter inserted with a balloon attached, usually enters through the femoral artery into the coronary artery where it inflates to clear the atheroma blockage

55
Q

diagnosis of MI

A

SUPPLY OF BLOOD TO THE HEART IS STOPPED

At least 2:
- Chest pain
- ECG changes consistent with ischaemia or necrosis
Elevation of cardiac markers (not site specific, but do indicate damage)

56
Q

presentation of MI

A

PAIN:
COMMON - retrosternal, left side
LESS COMMON - right side, jaw, back, epigastrium

symptoms:

- General appearance
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Respiration
    - Temperature
57
Q

cardiac arrest

A

unconscious/no breathing/no pulse

58
Q

shockable rhythms

A

VF - ventricular fibrillation
VT - pulseless ventricular tachycardia
Torsade de pointes

59
Q

non-shockables

A

PEA

Asystole

60
Q

shock

A

acute circulatory failure with inadequate or inappropriately distributed tissue perfusion

resulting in generalised cellular hypoxia

61
Q

4 stages of shock

A

1 - body is able to cope (no serious effects)
2 - compensatory stage
3 - decompensated stage
4 - irreversible stage

62
Q

exsanguination

A

severe loss of blood

63
Q

Hypovolaemic

A

low vol of blood

64
Q

Cardiogenic

A

heart failure, problem with blood leaving the heart

65
Q

Obstructive

A

mechanical interference, problem with venous return

66
Q

Distributive

A

vessel malfunction

67
Q

Anaphylactic

A

severe allergic reaction, cytokine storm

68
Q

Septic

A

result of severe bacterial infection, releases toxins that causes vessels to become leaky + semi permeable

69
Q

Neurogenic

A

a loss of sympathetic vasomotor tone, leading to hypotension and bradycardia

often the result of CNS injury