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Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

The breaking down of larger food particles into small molecules ready to enter the body cells

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2
Q

absorption

A

The passage of smaller molecules into blood and lymph

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3
Q

digestive system

A

the group of organs that break down food in order to absorb its nutrients

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4
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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5
Q

secretion

A

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ

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6
Q

defecation

A

the elimination of variable amounts of indigestible substances from the GI tract through the anus

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7
Q

mixing and propulsion

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract to mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus for defecation

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8
Q

functions of digestive system 6

A 
ingestion
secretion
defecation
mixing and propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
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9
Q

mastication

A

the process in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing

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10
Q

bolus

A

a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

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11
Q

4 layers of digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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12
Q

mucosa

A

inner mucous membrane

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13
Q

submucosa

A

loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

muscularis

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

peritoneum

A

the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.

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16
Q

x2 types of peritoneum

A

parietal + visceral

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17
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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18
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

voluntary
pharyngeal
oesophageal

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19
Q

voluntary stage (swallowing)

A

bolus moves to oropharynx

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20
Q

pharyngeal stage (swallowing)

A

the involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the oesophagus, breathing is temporarily interrupted

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21
Q

oesophageal stage (swallowing)

A

the involuntary passage of the bolus through the oesophagus into the stomach

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22
Q

deglutition centre

A

located in the medulla oblongata and inferior pons, is responsible for swallowing.

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23
Q

oesophagus

A

A muscular, collapsible tube that lies posterior to the trachea, it is continuous with the laryngopharynx above, it joins the stomach just below the diaphragm

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24
Q

oesophagus function

A

creates mucous and transports food to the stomach

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25
Q

x2 two oesophagus sphincters

A

upper

lower

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26
Q

Upper Oesophageal Sphincter function

A

Regulates the passage of food from the laryngopharynx into the oesophagus

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27
Q

Lower Oesophageal Sphincter function

A

when closed, prevents backflow of acid and stomach contents from travelling backwards from the stomach

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28
Q

stomach function

A

mixing area and reservoir for food, slowly releases material into the duodenum, converts bolus to chyme, mechanically digests food via churning

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29
Q

4 sections of stomach

A

cardia (opening to stomach at top)
fundus (rounded top portion)
body (large central portion)
pylorus (connects to the duodenum)

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30
Q

sphincter in stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

31
Q

rugae

A

Rugae - the large folds of mucosa tissue lining the inside of the stomach

These Rugae are lined with narrow channels called gastric pits and columns of secretory cells called gastric glands

32
Q

gastric juice function

A

pepsin (the chief protein digestant) allows for chemical digestion and HCI allows non specific defence against microbes

33
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that helps digestion of protein

34
Q

small intestine function

A

greatest amount of digestion and absorption

The small intestine has villi and microvilli to increase the surface area for effective and maximised absorption. This increases the rate of nutrient absorption/diffusion

35
Q

small intestine x3 sections

A

DUODENUM, JEJENUM, ILIUM

36
Q

large intestine function

A

to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food

37
Q

large intestine x4 sections

A

COLON, CAECUM, RECTUM, ANUS

38
Q

appendix (+function)

A

The appendix is a narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon

It is believed to have lymphatic properties due to the abundance of lymph nodes situated around it.

39
Q

4 sections of colon

A

The Ascending Colon
The Transverse Colon
The Descending Colon
The Sigmoid Colon

40
Q

rectum

A

a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

41
Q

rectum function

A

receives stool from the colon

42
Q

anal canal function

A

the maintenance of faecal continence and defecation

this is achieved with the help of the anal sphincters and the neighbouring puborectalis muscle.

43
Q

2 anal sphincters

A

The superior end of the anal canal is the internal anal sphincter

The inferior end is the external anal sphincter

44
Q

gastroenterology

A

the branch of medicine that looks at diseases of the oesophagus (gullet), stomach, small and large intestines (bowel), liver, gallbladder and pancreas

45
Q

liver location

A

The upper right quadrant of the abdomen

46
Q

liver function

A

filtration and storage of blood, metabolism (carbs/proteins/fats) and detoxification (drugs/poisons), secretory (bile), synthesis (plasma proteins)

47
Q

2 major lobes of liver

A

right anterior/left anterior

48
Q

2 minor lobes of liver

A

caudate posterior/quadrate posterior

49
Q

blood supply for the liver?

2 vessels

A

Hepatic artery + Hepatic portal Vein (from GI tract tissues)

50
Q

lobule

A

The hepatic lobules are small divisions of the liver. Each lobule has a central branch of the hepatic vein, with its tributary sinusoids.

51
Q

sinusoids

A

microscopic vessels within the liver, lined with phagocytic cells

52
Q

hepatocytes

A

functional cells of the liver, responsible for metabolic, endocrine, and secretory function. Hepatocytes are arranged in sheets called hepatic laminae.

53
Q

bile canaliculi

A

mini tubules that receive bile secreted by hepatocytes

54
Q

the gall bladder

A

a sac-like structure inferior to the liver. It is responsible for storing bile produced by the liver

55
Q

bile

A

A fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps with the digestion of fats by emulsifying fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed.

56
Q

pancreas

A

a retroperitoneal gland, posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach. It is divided 3 sections, the head, body, and tail.

57
Q

pancreas function

A

x2 primary functions

endocrine (blood sugar regulation) - islets of langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

exocrine (digestive enzymes) - proteases (proteins) (chymotrypsin + trypsin, amylase (carbs), lipase (fats)

58
Q

pancreatic juice consists of

A

digestive enzymes + bicarbonate

59
Q

bicarbonate

A

a base used for neutralising the acid entering the small intestine from the stomach

60
Q

GI bleed

A

Any form of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the rectum.

61
Q

clinical presentation of GI bleed

3

A

Vomiting of blood black or red
Bloody stool
Black stool

62
Q

sites of lower GI bleed
+ their causes

(3)

A

Jejunum (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS)
Ileum (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS)
Colon (polyps (tissue growths, clumps of cells), cancer, IBS)

63
Q

sites of upper GI bleed
+ their causes

(3)

A

Oesophagus (varices, enlarged/swollen veins)
Stomach (ulcer (sore), gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining))
Duodenum (duodenal ulcers)

64
Q

appendicitis

A

A painful inflammation of the appendix

65
Q

appendicitis clinical presentation

3

A

Pain in the lower right iliac abdominal region
Progressive over 4-6 hours
Rebound pain

66
Q

appendicitis cautions

A

sudden pain relief may indicate rupture of appendix, this leads to peritonitis

67
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

68
Q

peritonitis clinical presentation

4

A

Board-like abdomen
Distension (dilation/ballooning effect) and rigid abdomen
Fever
Nausea and Vomiting

69
Q

peritonitis potential causes

A

Abdominal Surgery (infection risk)
Ectopic Pregnancy
Perforation (ulcer, trauma, appendix rupture

70
Q

bowel obstructions

A

A partial or complete block of the small or large intestine that keeps food, liquid, gas, and stool from moving through the intestines in a normal way.

71
Q

intussusception

A

A serious medical condition where part of the intestine slips (telescopes, see picture ->) into a neighbouring part resulting in blockage of food and/or fluid from passing through and loss of
blood supply to the affected part of the intestine.

72
Q

paralytic ileus

A

A condition where the motor activity of the bowel is impaired, usually without the presence of a physical obstruction.

73
Q

retroperistalsis

A

The reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis

74
Q

dysentery

A

An infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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