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The Mediverse 2.2 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for the production of useful energy is called ________________

A

Respiration

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2
Q

The functional unit of the lung is the ____________

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

_____________ and ____________ are the two types of respiration

A

Internal and External

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4
Q

Breathing during birth is ________ breaths per minute (bpm)

A

30-60

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5
Q

Breathing during early childhood is ________ bpm

A

20-40

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6
Q

The trachea is otherwise called ____________

A

Wind pipe

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7
Q

A flap of tissue covering the trachea is referred to as _________________

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

The left primary bronchii bifurcates into _______

A

2

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9
Q

The right primary bronchii bifurcates into ___________

A

3

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10
Q

Respiration starts where?

A

The terminal Bronchiole

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11
Q

The two main muscles responsible for respiration are ____________ and _____________

A

External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

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12
Q

Inhalation is otherwise called _____________ as exhalation is otherwise called _______________

A

Inspiration
Expiration

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13
Q

The work of breathing is done during ______________

A

Inspiration/Inhalation

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14
Q

The two membranes that cover the lungs are ________________ and __________________

A

Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura

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15
Q

State the general gas law?

A

“Gases travel from a region of higher concentration to low concentration”

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16
Q

“The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases’

The above law is _________________

A

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

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17
Q

State Boyle’s law

A

“The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas provided temperature remains constant

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18
Q

Breathing during adulthood is ____________breaths per minute

A

12-15

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19
Q

Breaths during late childhood is ______________ breaths per minute

A

15-25

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20
Q

What are the major muscles of inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscle
Diaphragm

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21
Q

What is the major muscle of expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscle

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22
Q

Serratus anterior
Pectoralis muscle
Levator scapulae
Scalene
Sternocleidomastoid

The above are accessory muscles of _________
a. Inspiration
b. Expiration
c. Both

A

Inspiration

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23
Q

The temporary cessation of breathing is termed _______________

A

Apnea

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24
Q

The cessation of breathing during swallowing is termed ________________

A

Deglutition apnea

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25
Q

The trachea is _______ meters long

A

11

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26
Q

The trachea is lined by what epithelium
a. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. Ciliated stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. Transitional epithelium
d. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

D
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called__________________

A

Pleural cavity/Interpleural space

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28
Q

There are about ____________ number of alveoli in each lung

A

300 million

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29
Q

Alveoli are __________ in diameter

A

0.2-0.5mm

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30
Q

Alveoli have an average surface area of _______
a. 30m²
b. 70m²
c. 80m²
d. 60m²

A

70m²

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31
Q

Alveoli are ___________ in shape
a. Fusiform
b. Polygonal
c. Robust
d. Circular

A

Polygonal

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32
Q

What type of alveoli cell secretes surfactant?

A

Type 2 cells

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33
Q

List 7 non-respiratory functions of the lungs

A

Olfaction
Secretion of Angiotensin converting hormone (ACE)
Defense mechanism
Anticoagulant function
Regulation of acid-base balance
Regulation of water balance
Body thermoregulation
Prevention of dust particles
Vocalisation

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34
Q

___________ and _____________ are the lung’s own defence system

A

Defensin
Cathelicidin

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35
Q

First line against viruses
Secrete interferons and tumor necrosis factors

What cells in the lungs are described above?

A

Natural killer (NK)cells

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36
Q

Macrophages in the lungs perform all the following except
a. Phagocytosis
b. Secrete chemokines that attract WBCs
c. Secrete Heparin
d. Secretes interleukin
e. Secrete tumor necrosis factors

A

C

Heparin is secreted by mast cells in the lungs along with serotonin and histamine

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37
Q

Leukocytes present in the alveoli are _____________ and _____________

A

Lymphocytes
Neutrophils

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38
Q

What cells in the lungs are responsible for producing hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Mast cells

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39
Q

____________ is a respiratory reflex characterized by forced expiration caused by irritation of respiratory tract

A

Coughing

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40
Q

_______________is a respiratory reflex characterized by forced expiration caused by irritation of nasal mucous membrane

A

Sneezing

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41
Q

_____________ is the centre for the coughing reflex

A

The medulla oblongata

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42
Q

The thoracic lid is made up of _______________

A

The manubrium and first pair of ribs

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43
Q

The thoracic lid is otherwise called __________

A

Thoracic operculum

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44
Q

The phospholipid that makes up surfactant is called________________

A

DPPC

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Don’t bite your tongue😅

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45
Q

What ion is most common in surfactants?

A

Calcium ions

46
Q

Proteins in surfactant are
a. Transport proteins
b. Apoproteins
c. Carrier proteins

A

Apoproteins

47
Q

Surfactant is present in type 2 pneumocytes by the __________ week of gestation

A

24th

48
Q

Surfactant deficiency leads to Pulmonary Edema
True/False

A

True

49
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

This is the pressure existing in the pleural cavity

50
Q

Intrathoracic pressure is another name for_________________

A

Intrapleural pressure

51
Q

The following are true about intrapleural pressure except:
a. It is a pressure exerted by pleural fluid
b. It is a pressure exerted in the whole thoracic cavity
c. It is negative under normal circumstances
d. It is positive under normal circumstances

A

D. It is positive under normal circumstances

52
Q

What is the value of Intrapleural pressure during the end of normal expiration?

A

—2mmHg

53
Q

What is the value of Intrapleural pressure during the end of forced respiration?

A

—30mmHg

54
Q

Pleural fluid is secreted by what layer of the pleura?

A

Visceral layer

55
Q

A pressure existing in the alveoli of the lungs is called ________________

A

Intra-alveoli pressure

56
Q

Intra-alveoli pressure is also called ___________________

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

57
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure is positive during ________________ and negative during _________________

A

Expiration
Inspiration

58
Q

The pressure difference between intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressure is called ____________________

A

Transpulmonary pressure

59
Q

The pressure responsible for the collapsing tendency of the lungs is ___________________

A

Transpulmonary pressure

60
Q

The volume of air moving in and out if the lungs can be measured using a _________________

A

Spirometer

61
Q

The readings from a spirometer are called __________________

A

Spirogram

62
Q

Combination of volumes measured by a spirometer is called _______________

A

Capacity

63
Q

A healthy person breathes __________ times per minute

A

12-16

64
Q

A healthy male can hold up to _________ liters of air in their lungs

A

5.7

65
Q

A healthy female can hold up to _________ liters of air in their lungs

A

4.2

66
Q

Lung capacity is influenced by various factors. State them

A

Age
Anatomical build
Respiratory disease
Lung distensibility

67
Q

How many lungs volumes are there?
Name them

A

4
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume

68
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of inspired and expired air per respiratory cycle

69
Q

Volume of air inspired with maximal effort above typical tidal volume.
The above is referred to as ______________

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

70
Q

Volume of air expired after normal tidal expiration with maximal expiratory effort is termed ______________

A

Expiratory reserve volume

71
Q

What is residual volume?

A

This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after maximal expiration

72
Q

The value for Tidal volume is __________

A

500ml

73
Q

The value for Inspiratory reserve volume is __________

A

3000ml

74
Q

The value for Expiratory reserve volume is __________

A

1000ml

75
Q

The value for Residual volume is __________

A

1200ml

76
Q

______________ volume cannot be measured using a spirometer

A

Residual

77
Q

Residual volume is measured using ________________

A

Gas (helium) dilution technique

78
Q

How many lung capacities are there?
Name them

A

4
Functional residual capacity
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity

79
Q

_________________ lung capacity is the combination of Expiratory reserve volume and Residual voulme

A

Functional residual capacity

80
Q

_____________ is the maximum volume if forcefully expired air during a single breath following maximum inspiration

A

Vital capacity

81
Q

Vital capacity is the combination of what lung volumes?

A

ERV + IRV + TV

82
Q

The maximum volume of inspired air after quiet expiration is termed ____________

A

Inspiratory capacity

83
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

This is the total volume of air the lungs can hold

84
Q

The value for total lung volume in males is ________

A

5700ml

85
Q

The value for vital capacity is _____________

A

4500ml

86
Q

The value for Inspiratory capacity is ____________

A

3500ml

87
Q

The value for functional residual capacity is _______________

A

2200

88
Q

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is about _______% of the Vital capacity

A

80

89
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

This is the measure of lung or thorax distensibility.

90
Q

Total lung compliance is ____________

A

0.13L/cm H²O

91
Q

Compliance is given mathematically as _______________

A

Change in volume / Change in pressure

92
Q

Work of breathing is divided into 3; ________________, ______________ and ______________

A

Compliance work
Tissue resistance work
Airway resistance work

93
Q

____________% of the body’s energy is required for pulmonary ventilation

A

2-3

94
Q

What is the pressure of pulmonary circulation?

A

25mmHg
It is a low pressure circulation

95
Q

Pulmonary circulation pressure drops to ______mmHg by the time it gets to the pulmonary capillaries

A

10

96
Q

Pulmonary circulation gets about __________L of cardiac output

A

5

97
Q

What is Physiological shunting?

A

This is the draining of the bronchial vein into the pulmonary veins to dilute their 100% oxygenation to 97%

98
Q

What is the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

A

0.1microns

99
Q

Respiratory membrane surface area in both lungs is _________m²

A

70

100
Q

What is emphysema?

A

This is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by damaged air sacs making breathing difficult

101
Q

What is respiratory quotient (RQ)?

A

This is the ratio of VCO² to VO² used in the process of oxidizing substrates.

102
Q

RQ for oxidizing carbohydrates is ________

A

1.0

103
Q

RQ for oxidizing proteins is ________

A

0.8

104
Q

RQ for oxidizing fats is ________

A

0.7

105
Q

What is ventilation?

A

This is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

106
Q

What is perfusion?

A

This is the flow of blood through the lungs.

107
Q

Which is better distributed at the apex of the lungs
a. Ventilation
b. Perfusion

A

Ventilation

108
Q

Normal value for Ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

1

109
Q

The difference between internal and external pressure is termed _____________

A

Transmural pressure

110
Q

In Zone 1 of the lungs, there is ______________ flow of blood
a. Zero
b. Intermittent
c. Continuous

A

Zero

111
Q

What zone of the lungs has intermittent flow of blood?

A

Zone 2

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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