Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
The overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for the production of useful energy is called ________________
A
Respiration
2
Q
The functional unit of the lung is the ____________
A
Alveoli
3
Q
_____________ and ____________ are the two types of respiration
A
Internal and External
4
Q
Breathing during birth is ________ breaths per minute (bpm)
A
30-60
5
Q
Breathing during early childhood is ________ bpm
A
20-40
6
Q
The trachea is otherwise called ____________
A
Wind pipe
7
Q
A flap of tissue covering the trachea is referred to as _________________
A
Epiglottis
8
Q
The left primary bronchii bifurcates into _______
A
2
9
Q
The right primary bronchii bifurcates into ___________
A
3
10
Q
Respiration starts where?
A
The terminal Bronchiole
11
Q
The two main muscles responsible for respiration are ____________ and _____________
A
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
12
Q
Inhalation is otherwise called _____________ as exhalation is otherwise called _______________
A
Inspiration
Expiration
13
Q
The work of breathing is done during ______________
A
Inspiration/Inhalation
14
Q
The two membranes that cover the lungs are ________________ and __________________
A
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
15
Q
State the general gas law?
A
“Gases travel from a region of higher concentration to low concentration”
16
Q
“The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases’
The above law is _________________
A
Dalton’s law of partial pressure
17
Q
State Boyle’s law
A
“The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas provided temperature remains constant
18
Q
Breathing during adulthood is ____________breaths per minute
A
12-15
19
Q
Breaths during late childhood is ______________ breaths per minute
A
15-25
20
Q
What are the major muscles of inspiration?
A
External intercostal muscle
Diaphragm
21
Q
What is the major muscle of expiration?
A
Internal intercostal muscle
22
Q
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis muscle
Levator scapulae
Scalene
Sternocleidomastoid
The above are accessory muscles of _________
a. Inspiration
b. Expiration
c. Both
A
Inspiration
23
Q
The temporary cessation of breathing is termed _______________
A
Apnea
24
Q
The cessation of breathing during swallowing is termed ________________
A
Deglutition apnea
25
The trachea is _______ meters long
11
26
The trachea is lined by what epithelium
a. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. Ciliated stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. Transitional epithelium
d. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
D
**Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium**
27
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called__________________
Pleural cavity/Interpleural space
28
There are about ____________ number of alveoli in each lung
300 million
29
Alveoli are __________ in diameter
0.2-0.5mm
30
Alveoli have an average surface area of _______
a. 30m²
b. 70m²
c. 80m²
d. 60m²
70m²
31
Alveoli are ___________ in shape
a. Fusiform
b. Polygonal
c. Robust
d. Circular
Polygonal
32
What type of alveoli cell secretes surfactant?
Type 2 cells
33
List 7 non-respiratory functions of the lungs
Olfaction
Secretion of Angiotensin converting hormone (ACE)
Defense mechanism
Anticoagulant function
Regulation of acid-base balance
Regulation of water balance
Body thermoregulation
Prevention of dust particles
Vocalisation
34
___________ and _____________ are the lung's own defence system
Defensin
Cathelicidin
35
First line against viruses
Secrete interferons and tumor necrosis factors
What cells in the lungs are described above?
Natural killer (NK)cells
36
Macrophages in the lungs perform all the following except
a. Phagocytosis
b. Secrete chemokines that attract WBCs
c. Secrete Heparin
d. Secretes interleukin
e. Secrete tumor necrosis factors
C
Heparin is secreted by mast cells in the lungs along with serotonin and histamine
37
Leukocytes present in the alveoli are _____________ and _____________
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
38
What cells in the lungs are responsible for producing hypersensitivity reactions?
Mast cells
39
____________ is a respiratory reflex characterized by forced expiration caused by irritation of respiratory tract
Coughing
40
_______________is a respiratory reflex characterized by forced expiration caused by irritation of nasal mucous membrane
Sneezing
41
_____________ is the centre for the coughing reflex
The medulla oblongata
42
The thoracic lid is made up of _______________
The manubrium and first pair of ribs
43
The thoracic lid is otherwise called __________
Thoracic operculum
44
The phospholipid that makes up surfactant is called________________
DPPC
**Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine**
Don't bite your tongue😅
45
What ion is most common in surfactants?
Calcium ions
46
Proteins in surfactant are
a. Transport proteins
b. Apoproteins
c. Carrier proteins
Apoproteins
47
Surfactant is present in type 2 pneumocytes by the __________ week of gestation
24th
48
Surfactant deficiency leads to Pulmonary Edema
True/False
True
49
What is intrapleural pressure?
This is the pressure existing in the pleural cavity
50
Intrathoracic pressure is another name for_________________
Intrapleural pressure
51
The following are true about intrapleural pressure **except**:
a. It is a pressure exerted by pleural fluid
b. It is a pressure exerted in the whole thoracic cavity
c. It is negative under normal circumstances
d. It is positive under normal circumstances
D. It is positive under normal circumstances
52
What is the value of Intrapleural pressure during the end of normal expiration?
—2mmHg
53
What is the value of Intrapleural pressure during the end of forced respiration?
—30mmHg
54
Pleural fluid is secreted by what layer of the pleura?
Visceral layer
55
A pressure existing in the alveoli of the lungs is called ________________
Intra-alveoli pressure
56
Intra-alveoli pressure is also called ___________________
Intrapulmonary pressure
57
Intra-alveolar pressure is positive during ________________ and negative during _________________
Expiration
Inspiration
58
The pressure difference between intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressure is called ____________________
Transpulmonary pressure
59
The pressure responsible for the collapsing tendency of the lungs is ___________________
Transpulmonary pressure
60
The volume of air moving in and out if the lungs can be measured using a _________________
Spirometer
61
The readings from a spirometer are called __________________
Spirogram
62
Combination of volumes measured by a spirometer is called _______________
Capacity
63
A healthy person breathes __________ times per minute
12-16
64
A healthy male can hold up to _________ liters of air in their lungs
5.7
65
A healthy female can hold up to _________ liters of air in their lungs
4.2
66
Lung capacity is influenced by various factors. State them
Age
Anatomical build
Respiratory disease
Lung distensibility
67
How many lungs volumes are there?
Name them
4
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
68
What is tidal volume?
Volume of inspired and expired air per respiratory cycle
69
Volume of air inspired with maximal effort above typical tidal volume.
The above is referred to as ______________
Inspiratory reserve volume
70
Volume of air expired after normal tidal expiration with maximal expiratory effort is termed ______________
Expiratory reserve volume
71
What is residual volume?
This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after maximal expiration
72
The value for Tidal volume is __________
500ml
73
The value for Inspiratory reserve volume is __________
3000ml
74
The value for Expiratory reserve volume is __________
1000ml
75
The value for Residual volume is __________
1200ml
76
______________ volume cannot be measured using a spirometer
Residual
77
Residual volume is measured using ________________
Gas (helium) dilution technique
78
How many lung capacities are there?
Name them
4
Functional residual capacity
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity
79
_________________ lung capacity is the combination of Expiratory reserve volume and Residual voulme
Functional residual capacity
80
_____________ is the maximum volume if forcefully expired air during a single breath following maximum inspiration
Vital capacity
81
Vital capacity is the combination of what lung volumes?
ERV + IRV + TV
82
The maximum volume of inspired air after quiet expiration is termed ____________
Inspiratory capacity
83
What is total lung capacity?
This is the total volume of air the lungs can hold
84
The value for total lung volume in males is ________
5700ml
85
The value for vital capacity is _____________
4500ml
86
The value for Inspiratory capacity is ____________
3500ml
87
The value for functional residual capacity is _______________
2200
88
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is about _______% of the Vital capacity
80
89
What is lung compliance?
This is the measure of lung or thorax distensibility.
90
Total lung compliance is ____________
0.13L/cm H²O
91
Compliance is given mathematically as _______________
Change in volume / Change in pressure
92
Work of breathing is divided into 3; ________________, ______________ and ______________
Compliance work
Tissue resistance work
Airway resistance work
93
____________% of the body's energy is required for pulmonary ventilation
2-3
94
What is the pressure of pulmonary circulation?
25mmHg
It is a low pressure circulation
95
Pulmonary circulation pressure drops to ______mmHg by the time it gets to the pulmonary capillaries
10
96
Pulmonary circulation gets about __________L of cardiac output
5
97
What is Physiological shunting?
This is the draining of the bronchial vein into the pulmonary veins to dilute their 100% oxygenation to 97%
98
What is the thickness of the respiratory membrane?
0.1microns
99
Respiratory membrane surface area in both lungs is _________m²
70
100
What is emphysema?
This is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by damaged air sacs making breathing difficult
101
What is respiratory quotient (RQ)?
This is the ratio of VCO² to VO² used in the process of oxidizing substrates.
102
RQ for oxidizing carbohydrates is ________
1.0
103
RQ for oxidizing proteins is ________
0.8
104
RQ for oxidizing fats is ________
0.7
105
What is ventilation?
This is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
106
What is perfusion?
This is the flow of blood through the lungs.
107
Which is better distributed at the apex of the lungs
a. Ventilation
b. Perfusion
Ventilation
108
Normal value for Ventilation-perfusion ratio
1
109
The difference between internal and external pressure is termed _____________
Transmural pressure
110
In Zone 1 of the lungs, there is ______________ flow of blood
a. Zero
b. Intermittent
c. Continuous
Zero
111
What zone of the lungs has intermittent flow of blood?
Zone 2
