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The Mediverse 2.2 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The sum total of all enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place in a biological system is called _______________

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Metabolism converts food to energy in the form of __________________

A

ATP

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3
Q

Convert energy in food substances to energy usable by the body.
Convert food into building blocks.
Eliminate metabolic waste.

The above are functions of ___________

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

Factors that affect metabolic rate

A

Age
Sex
Muscle mass
Physical activities

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5
Q

The term used to describe how well the body generates or processes energy is _________________

A

Metabolic health

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6
Q

_________________is the primary precursor for generating energy

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Food
Good exercise
Emotional health

The above are ______________ of metabolic health

A

Pillars

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8
Q

Metabolic processes can be subdivided into __________________ and ____________________

A

Anabolism
Catabolism

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9
Q

The process involving the formation of complex molecules from smaller precursors is termed __________________

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

In the process of anabolism, smaller molecules called _______________ come together to form giant molecules called ______________

A

Monomers
Polymers

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11
Q

The process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules is termed ______________________

A

Catabolism

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12
Q

___________________ is also released as a result of catabolism

A

Energy

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13
Q

_________________ is a principal catabolic process

A

Digestion

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14
Q

Catabolism occurs in ______ phases

A

3

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15
Q

3 differences between anabolism and catabolism

A

Ana- Constructive
Cata- Destructive

Ana- Consumes energy
Cata- Produces energy

Ana- Functional during rest or sleep
Cata- Functional during activities

Ana- Converts K.E to P.E
Cata- Converts P.E to K.E

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16
Q

The study of energy flow is termed _______________

A

Bioenergetics

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17
Q

State the first law of thermodynamics

A

In a closed or isolated system, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another

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18
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics

A

Transformation of energy from one form to another can never be hundred percent efficient

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19
Q

The first law of thermodynamics is otherwise called ________________

A

Law of conservation of energy

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20
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

This is the study of the concept of energy transformation

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21
Q

What is entropy?

A

This is the measure of randomness or disorder

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22
Q

What is Gibb’s free energy?

A

This is the potential energy available in a chemical reaction to do work at constant temperature and pressure.

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23
Q

What is a spontaneous reaction?

A

This is a reaction or process that occurs without the addition of external energy. I.e. it occurs on its own

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24
Q

What is a non spontaneous reaction?

A

This is a reaction or process that requires the addition of external energy

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25
Q

Gibbs free energy is negative in _______________ reactions

A

Spontaneous

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26
Q

Spontaneous reactions are otherwise called________________

A

Exergonic reactions

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27
Q

ΔH - TΔS

The above is a mathematical representation of _______________

A

Gibb’s free energy

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28
Q

Concerning the rate of a reaction, enzymes differ from catalysts in the sense that _________________

A

Enzymes can only speed up a reaction

Catalysts can speed up and slow down reactions

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29
Q

Proteins are held together by _______________ bonds

A

Covalent

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30
Q

Returning an enzyme to its primary structure from its native structure by altering heat or pH of the enzyme is called _________________

A

Denaturation of enzymes

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31
Q

The structure of an enzyme that allows it recognise its active site and function is known as_____________

A

Native structure

32
Q

The process of removing an amino group from a molecule is termed _______________

A

Deamination

33
Q

________________ is a process involving the synthesis, breakdown and utilisation of proteins in living organisms

A

Protein metabolism

34
Q

Factors affecting protein metabolism

A

Age
Physical activity
Dietary protein intake
Hormonal regulation
Overall health status

35
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

Creation of proteins from amino acids

36
Q

A process whereby cells use genetic information in DNA to synthesize proteins is called ______________________

A

Translation

37
Q

The balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation is referred to as _________________

A

Protein turnover

38
Q

What is protein degradation?

A

This is the breakdown of proteins into constituent amino acids

39
Q

The primary process for protein degradation is the ‘_______________________ system

A

Ubiquitin-proteasome

40
Q

Protein digestion occurs in the _____________

A

Gastrointestinal tract

41
Q

When protein is broken down, nitrogen is released in the form of __________________

A

Ammonia

42
Q

The body annihilates excess nitrogen in the body in the form of urea through a process called ___________________

A

Micturition

43
Q

Nitrogen balance is the balance between ___________________ and ___________________

A

Nitrogen intake
Nitrogen excretion

44
Q

Nitrogen balance is positive when _________________

A

Nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen excretion

45
Q

The backbone structure that remains after an amino group and carboxyl group have been removed from an amino acid molecule is called __________________

A

Carbon skeleton

46
Q

The carbon skeleton is also known as _________________

A

Alpha-keto acid or Keto acid

47
Q

Outline 3 fates of an amino acid carbon skeleton

A

Energy production
Ketogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis
Formation of biomolecules

48
Q

Kreb’s cycle is also called ___________________

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle or Citric acid cycle

49
Q

Name 4 amino acids that can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate

A

Glutamine
Glutamate
Histidine
Arginine
Proline
Glutathione

50
Q

Mention 3 amino acids that can be converted to Succinyl-CoA

A

Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
Threonine
Histidine

51
Q

The process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into simpler molecules and converts them to energy or stores them is called ______________________

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

52
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins where?

A

In the mouth

53
Q

Monosaccharides obtained from breakdown of carbohydrates are______________, _____________ and ________________

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

54
Q

_______________ is secreted from the pancreas to regulate high blood sugar

A

Insulin

55
Q

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into _______________, producing small amounts of ATP and NADH

A

Pyruvate

56
Q

NADH stands for ________________

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

57
Q

In low oxygen conditions, Pyruvate is converted into _______________

A

Lactate/Lactic acid

58
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to lactic acid occurs where?

A

The cytoplasm of the cell

59
Q

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down to produce ATP in the ________________ of the cell

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

The process whereby ATP is produced as electrons pass through the electron transport chain is termed __________________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

The final products of the breakdown of glucose are ____________ and _________

A

Water and Carbon dioxide

62
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

This is the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen

63
Q

Glycogen is stored in the ______________

A

Liver and muscle cells

64
Q

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is termed ___________________

A

Gluconeogenesis

65
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the _____________

A

Liver

66
Q

The process involving the breakdown, utilisation and storage of fats (lipids) in the body is referred to as ____________________

A

Lipid metabolism

67
Q

Lipid metabolism begins in the ______________

A

Small intestine

68
Q

Small aggregates formed from the hydrophobic fatty acids and monoglycerides are called _______________

A

Micelles

69
Q

___________________ are lipoproteins formed from triglycerides, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins packaged in proteins

A

Chylomicrons

70
Q

Chylomicrons in the lymphatic system enter the bloodstream through the ___________________

A

Thoracic duct

71
Q

Fatty acids are broken down into ______________ in the mitochondria of the cell

A

Acetyl-CoA

72
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

This is the production of ketone bodies from excess acetyl-CoA

73
Q

The conversion of excess glucose into triglycerides is known as _________________

A

Lipogenesis

74
Q

Lipogenesis occurs in the ___________ and _______________

A

Liver
Adipose tissue

75
Q

Excess cholesterol is stored in the ____________

A

Liver

76
Q

What is adipogenesis?

A

This is the storage of excess fatty acid as triglyceride in adipose tissues

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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