Metabolism

Question 1

The sum total of all enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place in a biological system is called _______________

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Metabolism converts food to energy in the form of __________________

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

Convert energy in food substances to energy usable by the body.
Convert food into building blocks.
Eliminate metabolic waste.

The above are functions of ___________

Answer 3

Metabolism

Question 4

Factors that affect metabolic rate

Answer 4

Age
Sex
Muscle mass
Physical activities

Question 5

The term used to describe how well the body generates or processes energy is _________________

Answer 5

Metabolic health

Question 6

_________________is the primary precursor for generating energy

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

Food
Good exercise
Emotional health

The above are ______________ of metabolic health

Answer 7

Pillars

Question 8

Metabolic processes can be subdivided into __________________ and ____________________

Answer 8

Anabolism
Catabolism

Question 9

The process involving the formation of complex molecules from smaller precursors is termed __________________

Answer 9

Anabolism

Question 10

In the process of anabolism, smaller molecules called _______________ come together to form giant molecules called ______________

Answer 10

Monomers
Polymers

Question 11

The process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules is termed ______________________

Answer 11

Catabolism

Question 12

___________________ is also released as a result of catabolism

Answer 12

Energy

Question 13

_________________ is a principal catabolic process

Answer 13

Digestion

Question 14

Catabolism occurs in ______ phases

Answer 14

3

Question 15

3 differences between anabolism and catabolism

Answer 15

Ana- Constructive
Cata- Destructive

Ana- Consumes energy
Cata- Produces energy

Ana- Functional during rest or sleep
Cata- Functional during activities

Ana- Converts K.E to P.E
Cata- Converts P.E to K.E

Question 16

The study of energy flow is termed _______________

Answer 16

Bioenergetics

Question 17

State the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

In a closed or isolated system, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another

Question 18

State the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 18

Transformation of energy from one form to another can never be hundred percent efficient

Question 19

The first law of thermodynamics is otherwise called ________________

Answer 19

Law of conservation of energy

Question 20

What is thermodynamics?

Answer 20

This is the study of the concept of energy transformation

Question 21

What is entropy?

Answer 21

This is the measure of randomness or disorder

Question 22

What is Gibb’s free energy?

Answer 22

This is the potential energy available in a chemical reaction to do work at constant temperature and pressure.

Question 23

What is a spontaneous reaction?

Answer 23

This is a reaction or process that occurs without the addition of external energy. I.e. it occurs on its own

Question 24

What is a non spontaneous reaction?

Answer 24

This is a reaction or process that requires the addition of external energy

Question 25

Gibbs free energy is negative in _______________ reactions

Answer 25

Spontaneous

Question 26

Spontaneous reactions are otherwise called________________

Answer 26

Exergonic reactions

Question 27

ΔH - TΔS The above is a mathematical representation of _______________

Answer 27

Gibb's free energy

Question 28

Concerning the rate of a reaction, enzymes differ from catalysts in the sense that _________________

Answer 28

Enzymes can only speed up a reaction Catalysts can speed up and slow down reactions

Question 29

Proteins are held together by _______________ bonds

Answer 29

Covalent

Question 30

Returning an enzyme to its primary structure from its native structure by altering heat or pH of the enzyme is called _________________

Answer 30

Denaturation of enzymes

Question 31

The structure of an enzyme that allows it recognise its active site and function is known as_____________

Answer 31

Native structure

Question 32

The process of removing an amino group from a molecule is termed _______________

Answer 32

Deamination

Question 33

________________ is a process involving the synthesis, breakdown and utilisation of proteins in living organisms

Answer 33

Protein metabolism

Question 34

Factors affecting protein metabolism

Answer 34

Age Physical activity Dietary protein intake Hormonal regulation Overall health status

Question 35

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 35

Creation of proteins from amino acids

Question 36

A process whereby cells use genetic information in DNA to synthesize proteins is called ______________________

Answer 36

Translation

Question 37

The balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation is referred to as _________________

Answer 37

Protein turnover

Question 38

What is protein degradation?

Answer 38

This is the breakdown of proteins into constituent amino acids

Question 39

The primary process for protein degradation is the '_______________________ system

Answer 39

Ubiquitin-proteasome

Question 40

Protein digestion occurs in the _____________

Answer 40

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 41

When protein is broken down, nitrogen is released in the form of __________________

Answer 41

Ammonia

Question 42

The body annihilates excess nitrogen in the body in the form of urea through a process called ___________________

Answer 42

Micturition

Question 43

Nitrogen balance is the balance between ___________________ and ___________________

Answer 43

Nitrogen intake Nitrogen excretion

Question 44

Nitrogen balance is positive when _________________

Answer 44

Nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen excretion

Question 45

The backbone structure that remains after an amino group and carboxyl group have been removed from an amino acid molecule is called __________________

Answer 45

Carbon skeleton

Question 46

The carbon skeleton is also known as _________________

Answer 46

Alpha-keto acid or Keto acid

Question 47

Outline 3 fates of an amino acid carbon skeleton

Answer 47

Energy production Ketogenesis Gluconeogenesis Lipogenesis Formation of biomolecules

Question 48

Kreb's cycle is also called ___________________

Answer 48

Tricarboxylic acid cycle or Citric acid cycle

Question 49

Name 4 amino acids that can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 49

Glutamine Glutamate Histidine Arginine Proline Glutathione

Question 50

Mention 3 amino acids that can be converted to Succinyl-CoA

Answer 50

Isoleucine Valine Methionine Threonine Histidine

Question 51

The process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into simpler molecules and converts them to energy or stores them is called ______________________

Answer 51

Carbohydrate metabolism

Question 52

Carbohydrate digestion begins where?

Answer 52

In the mouth

Question 53

Monosaccharides obtained from breakdown of carbohydrates are______________, _____________ and ________________

Answer 53

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Question 54

_______________ is secreted from the pancreas to regulate high blood sugar

Answer 54

Insulin

Question 55

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into _______________, producing small amounts of ATP and NADH

Answer 55

Pyruvate

Question 56

NADH stands for ________________

Answer 56

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 57

In low oxygen conditions, Pyruvate is converted into _______________

Answer 57

Lactate/Lactic acid

Question 58

Conversion of Pyruvate to lactic acid occurs where?

Answer 58

The cytoplasm of the cell

Question 59

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down to produce ATP in the ________________ of the cell

Answer 59

Mitochondria

Question 60

The process whereby ATP is produced as electrons pass through the electron transport chain is termed __________________

Answer 60

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 61

The final products of the breakdown of glucose are ____________ and _________

Answer 61

Water and Carbon dioxide

Question 62

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 62

This is the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen

Question 63

Glycogen is stored in the ______________

Answer 63

Liver and muscle cells

Question 64

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is termed ___________________

Answer 64

Gluconeogenesis

Question 65

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the _____________

Answer 65

Liver

Question 66

The process involving the breakdown, utilisation and storage of fats (lipids) in the body is referred to as ____________________

Answer 66

Lipid metabolism

Question 67

Lipid metabolism begins in the ______________

Answer 67

Small intestine

Question 68

Small aggregates formed from the hydrophobic fatty acids and monoglycerides are called _______________

Answer 68

Micelles

Question 69

___________________ are lipoproteins formed from triglycerides, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins packaged in proteins

Answer 69

Chylomicrons

Question 70

Chylomicrons in the lymphatic system enter the bloodstream through the ___________________

Answer 70

Thoracic duct

Question 71

Fatty acids are broken down into ______________ in the mitochondria of the cell

Answer 71

Acetyl-CoA

Question 72

What is ketogenesis?

Answer 72

This is the production of ketone bodies from excess acetyl-CoA

Question 73

The conversion of excess glucose into triglycerides is known as _________________

Answer 73

Lipogenesis

Question 74

Lipogenesis occurs in the ___________ and _______________

Answer 74

Liver Adipose tissue

Question 75

Excess cholesterol is stored in the ____________

Answer 75

Liver

Question 76

What is adipogenesis?

Answer 76

This is the storage of excess fatty acid as triglyceride in adipose tissues