Metabolism Flashcards
The sum total of all enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place in a biological system is called _______________
Metabolism
Metabolism converts food to energy in the form of __________________
ATP
Convert energy in food substances to energy usable by the body.
Convert food into building blocks.
Eliminate metabolic waste.
The above are functions of ___________
Metabolism
Factors that affect metabolic rate
Age
Sex
Muscle mass
Physical activities
The term used to describe how well the body generates or processes energy is _________________
Metabolic health
_________________is the primary precursor for generating energy
Glucose
Food
Good exercise
Emotional health
The above are ______________ of metabolic health
Pillars
Metabolic processes can be subdivided into __________________ and ____________________
Anabolism
Catabolism
The process involving the formation of complex molecules from smaller precursors is termed __________________
Anabolism
In the process of anabolism, smaller molecules called _______________ come together to form giant molecules called ______________
Monomers
Polymers
The process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules is termed ______________________
Catabolism
___________________ is also released as a result of catabolism
Energy
_________________ is a principal catabolic process
Digestion
Catabolism occurs in ______ phases
3
3 differences between anabolism and catabolism
Ana- Constructive
Cata- Destructive
Ana- Consumes energy
Cata- Produces energy
Ana- Functional during rest or sleep
Cata- Functional during activities
Ana- Converts K.E to P.E
Cata- Converts P.E to K.E
The study of energy flow is termed _______________
Bioenergetics
State the first law of thermodynamics
In a closed or isolated system, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another
State the second law of thermodynamics
Transformation of energy from one form to another can never be hundred percent efficient
The first law of thermodynamics is otherwise called ________________
Law of conservation of energy
What is thermodynamics?
This is the study of the concept of energy transformation
What is entropy?
This is the measure of randomness or disorder
What is Gibb’s free energy?
This is the potential energy available in a chemical reaction to do work at constant temperature and pressure.
What is a spontaneous reaction?
This is a reaction or process that occurs without the addition of external energy. I.e. it occurs on its own
What is a non spontaneous reaction?
This is a reaction or process that requires the addition of external energy
Gibbs free energy is negative in _______________ reactions
Spontaneous
Spontaneous reactions are otherwise called________________
Exergonic reactions
ΔH - TΔS
The above is a mathematical representation of _______________
Gibb’s free energy
Concerning the rate of a reaction, enzymes differ from catalysts in the sense that _________________
Enzymes can only speed up a reaction
Catalysts can speed up and slow down reactions
Proteins are held together by _______________ bonds
Covalent
Returning an enzyme to its primary structure from its native structure by altering heat or pH of the enzyme is called _________________
Denaturation of enzymes
The structure of an enzyme that allows it recognise its active site and function is known as_____________
Native structure
The process of removing an amino group from a molecule is termed _______________
Deamination
________________ is a process involving the synthesis, breakdown and utilisation of proteins in living organisms
Protein metabolism
Factors affecting protein metabolism
Age
Physical activity
Dietary protein intake
Hormonal regulation
Overall health status
What is protein synthesis?
Creation of proteins from amino acids
A process whereby cells use genetic information in DNA to synthesize proteins is called ______________________
Translation
The balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation is referred to as _________________
Protein turnover
What is protein degradation?
This is the breakdown of proteins into constituent amino acids
The primary process for protein degradation is the ‘_______________________ system
Ubiquitin-proteasome
Protein digestion occurs in the _____________
Gastrointestinal tract
When protein is broken down, nitrogen is released in the form of __________________
Ammonia
The body annihilates excess nitrogen in the body in the form of urea through a process called ___________________
Micturition
Nitrogen balance is the balance between ___________________ and ___________________
Nitrogen intake
Nitrogen excretion
Nitrogen balance is positive when _________________
Nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen excretion
The backbone structure that remains after an amino group and carboxyl group have been removed from an amino acid molecule is called __________________
Carbon skeleton
The carbon skeleton is also known as _________________
Alpha-keto acid or Keto acid
Outline 3 fates of an amino acid carbon skeleton
Energy production
Ketogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis
Formation of biomolecules
Kreb’s cycle is also called ___________________
Tricarboxylic acid cycle or Citric acid cycle
Name 4 amino acids that can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate
Glutamine
Glutamate
Histidine
Arginine
Proline
Glutathione
Mention 3 amino acids that can be converted to Succinyl-CoA
Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
Threonine
Histidine
The process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into simpler molecules and converts them to energy or stores them is called ______________________
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate digestion begins where?
In the mouth
Monosaccharides obtained from breakdown of carbohydrates are______________, _____________ and ________________
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
_______________ is secreted from the pancreas to regulate high blood sugar
Insulin
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into _______________, producing small amounts of ATP and NADH
Pyruvate
NADH stands for ________________
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
In low oxygen conditions, Pyruvate is converted into _______________
Lactate/Lactic acid
Conversion of Pyruvate to lactic acid occurs where?
The cytoplasm of the cell
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down to produce ATP in the ________________ of the cell
Mitochondria
The process whereby ATP is produced as electrons pass through the electron transport chain is termed __________________
Oxidative phosphorylation
The final products of the breakdown of glucose are ____________ and _________
Water and Carbon dioxide
What is glycogenesis?
This is the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen
Glycogen is stored in the ______________
Liver and muscle cells
The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is termed ___________________
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the _____________
Liver
The process involving the breakdown, utilisation and storage of fats (lipids) in the body is referred to as ____________________
Lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism begins in the ______________
Small intestine
Small aggregates formed from the hydrophobic fatty acids and monoglycerides are called _______________
Micelles
___________________ are lipoproteins formed from triglycerides, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins packaged in proteins
Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons in the lymphatic system enter the bloodstream through the ___________________
Thoracic duct
Fatty acids are broken down into ______________ in the mitochondria of the cell
Acetyl-CoA
What is ketogenesis?
This is the production of ketone bodies from excess acetyl-CoA
The conversion of excess glucose into triglycerides is known as _________________
Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis occurs in the ___________ and _______________
Liver
Adipose tissue
Excess cholesterol is stored in the ____________
Liver
What is adipogenesis?
This is the storage of excess fatty acid as triglyceride in adipose tissues
