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The Mediverse 2.2 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the skin have?

A

2
Epidermis
Dermis

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2
Q

How many layers does the Epidermis have?

A

5

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3
Q

The innermost layer of the Epidermis is called ______________

A

Stratum Basale

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4
Q

Merkel cells are found in what layer of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

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5
Q

Melanocytes are found in what layer of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

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6
Q

What layer of the Epidermis is only found on thick parts of the skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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7
Q

The outermost layer of the Epidermis is called ____________

A

Stratum Corneum

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8
Q

Mast cells are located in what part of the skin?

A

The dermis

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9
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete _____________ to lubricate the skin

A

Sebum

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10
Q

What is the major difference between Apocrine sweat glands and Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands open into the hair follicles and occur in areas of the body with lots of hair

Eccrine sweat glands open onto the skin’s surface and occur over most of the body

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11
Q

_______________ is a band of smooth muscle that attaches to hair follicles, controlling hair movement

A

Arrector Pili muscle

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12
Q

The dermis is otherwise called ____________

A

True skin

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13
Q

The skin receives _________ ratio of cardiac output

A

⅓ of cardiac output

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14
Q

The skin is ________% waterproof

A

90

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15
Q

The skin is ________kg in weight

A

3

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16
Q

The skin covers __________ in diameter

A

9000cm²

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17
Q

The dermis is divided into _______ and ___________ portions

A

Papillary
Reticular

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18
Q

What causes white hair in humans?

A

Absence of pigment and air bubbles in hair shaft

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19
Q

What causes grey hair in humans?

A

Absence of pigment

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands secretion is under the control of the ______________ system

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

Sebaceous glands secretion increases at _________________ and decreases during _________________

A

Puberty
Late Pregnancy

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22
Q

Sebaceous glands are absent in what parts of the body?

A

Palms and Soles

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23
Q

Sweat is odourless
True/False

A

True
Odour in sweat is due to the action of bacteria

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24
Q

The human body operates at what temperature?

A

37°C

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25
Q

Humans are
a. Warm blooded creatures
b. Cold blooded creatures

A

Warm blooded creatures

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26
Q

What part of the brain measures the temperature of blood?

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

What role do sweat glands play in temperature regulation?

A

They secrete sweat that cools the body when it’s too hot

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28
Q

In a case of low body temperature, blood vessels ____________ to return temperature to normal

A

Vasoconstrict

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29
Q

An abnormal rise in temperature above normal range is called _____________

A

Fever

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30
Q

The artificial decrease of body temperature during heart surgery to stop the heart and depress cell metabolism is a process called __________________

A

Artificial hypothermia

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31
Q

Body fluids are broadly compartmentalized into _____ compartments

A

2
Intracellular
Extracellular

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32
Q

Fluids found within the cell are called ___________

A

Intracellular fluids

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33
Q

The cytoplasm of a cell is composed of two parts __________ and _____________

A

Cytosol and Cell organelles

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34
Q

What are Extracellular Fluids?

A

These are fluids found outside cells

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35
Q

Intravascular and Interstitial fluids are subdivisions of _____________ fluids

A

Extracellular

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36
Q

Differentiate between Intravascular and Interstitial fluids

A

Intravascular fluids are fluids found within blood vessels

Interstitial fluids are fluids that lie outside blood vessels

37
Q

Fluids found in chambers created by epithelial linings are called _______________ fluids

A

Transcellular

38
Q

The following are examples of transcellular fluids except:
a. Synovial fluid
b. Blood
c. Urinary fluid
d. Cerebrospinal fluid
e. Pleural fluid

A

b. Blood

39
Q

Total blood fluid is _______ liters

A

42

40
Q

Intracellular fluids make up about ______ liters of total body fluids

A

28

41
Q

Extracellular fluids make up about ____ liters of total body fluids

A

14

42
Q

Blood enters into the kidney through the _____________

A

Renal artery

43
Q

The kidneys make up ______ % of total body weight

A

0.5

44
Q

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is ______________

A

Nephron

45
Q

The kidney receives ________ percent of the body’s cardiac output

A

25

46
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

Filtration of blood for the production of Urine.

47
Q

Filtration of blood occurs in what part of the kidney

A

The Glomerulus

48
Q

Major reabsorption of nutrients occurs in what part of the kidney?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

The nephrotic loop is also referred to as _______________

A

The loop of Henle

50
Q

The nephron is made up of two main parts, namely;

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

51
Q

Blood vessels surrounding the renal tubules are referred to as ___________

A

Peritubular capillaries

52
Q

Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into a venule.
True/False

A

False
Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into an Efferent arteriole

53
Q

The volume of blood filtered through the Glomerulus of both kidneys per minute is called _____________________

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

54
Q

The Glomerulus allows the passage of plasma proteins, red blood cells and solutes.
True/False

A

False
The Glomerulusdoes not permit the passage of plasma proteins and reb blood cells.
Plasma and solutes however, are permitted through

55
Q

Renal blood flow is inversely proportional to ________________

A

Arteriolar resistance

56
Q

Renal blood flow is directly proportional to __________________

A

Blood pressure

57
Q

__________________ and _______________ hormones act to increase arteriolar resistance

A

Angiotensin II
Adrenaline

58
Q

Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal gland in response to ___________

A

Sympathetic stimulation

59
Q

Angiotensin II is synthesized in response to ______________

A

Low blood pressure

60
Q

How is Angiotensin II produced from Angiotensinogen

A

JG cells in afferent arterioles of kidney produce Renin
Renin cleaves Angiotensin I from Angiotensinogen produced in the liver
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

61
Q

Prostaglandin E2 and I2 are secreted during sympathetic stimulation for what purpose?

A

To dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles to ensure blood flow doesn’t get too low even in Fight or Flight situations

62
Q

Local mechanisms within the kidney that keep GFR and renal blood flow constant despite varying systemic blood pressures are known as

A

Renal Autoregulation

63
Q

The two autoregulation mechanisms are _________________ and ________________

A

Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular mechanism

64
Q

The tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation is associated with _________________ in the tubules

A

Salt concentration

65
Q

_________________ are specialized cells found in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as salt sensors

A

Macula Densa cells

66
Q

Macula Densa cells secrete _____________ in response to high salt levels

A

Adenosine

67
Q

Adenosine inhibits the secretion of _____________ from Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Renin

68
Q

Macula Densa cells secrete _________ in response to low salt levels

A

Prostaglandin

69
Q

The force exerted by fluids on the walls of their containers is called _____________

A

Hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

The force exerted by plasma proteins on the walls of the compartment in which they are contained is called _________

A

Oncotic pressure

71
Q

Normal human urine consists of ___________% water

A

95

72
Q

The process of urine formation is carried out in how many phases?

A

3

73
Q

The first phase of urine formation is ________

A

Glomerular filtration

74
Q

The endothelium of glomerular blood vessels possess fenestrations that restrict the passage of ______________

A

Blood cells

75
Q

What is Net filtration pressure?

A

This is expressed by pressures favouring filtration minus pressure opposing filtration

76
Q

What is the relationship between GFR and Net filtration pressure?

A

GFR= Kf * NFP

Where Kf is the filtration coefficient

77
Q

Selective reabsorption is regulated by hormones _________________ and ______________

A

Aldosterone
Vasopressin/ADH

78
Q

What is micturition?

A

This is the process of passing urine out of the body

79
Q

The ureter connects to the ____________ part of the bladder

A

Posterior

80
Q

The bladder is lined with ________________ epithelium

A

Transitional

81
Q

Urine leaves the bladder through the _____________

A

Urethra

82
Q

Urine is prevented from leaking from the bladder due to two rings of muscles called _______________ and ______________

A

Internal urinary sphincter
External urinary sphincter

83
Q

Which of the urinary sphincters is voluntary?

A

External urinary sphincter

84
Q

The male urethra is divided into ________________, _______________ and _______________

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

85
Q

The bladder walls are made of muscles called ______________

A

Detrusor muscles

86
Q

What gender is likely to contract urinary tract infections and why?

A

The female gender

This is because the female urinary tract is more exposed to the outside than the urinary tract of males.

87
Q

________________ in the brain senses the osmolarity of blood that comes in contact with it

A

The 3rd ventricle

88
Q

Water is regulated in the nephron by what hormone?

A

Vasopressin

89
Q

ADH is synthesized in what part of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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