Renal Physiology Flashcards
How many layers does the skin have?
2
Epidermis
Dermis
How many layers does the Epidermis have?
5
The innermost layer of the Epidermis is called ______________
Stratum Basale
Merkel cells are found in what layer of the Epidermis?
Stratum Basale
Melanocytes are found in what layer of the Epidermis?
Stratum spinosum
What layer of the Epidermis is only found on thick parts of the skin?
Stratum Lucidum
The outermost layer of the Epidermis is called ____________
Stratum Corneum
Mast cells are located in what part of the skin?
The dermis
Sebaceous glands secrete _____________ to lubricate the skin
Sebum
What is the major difference between Apocrine sweat glands and Eccrine sweat glands?
Apocrine sweat glands open into the hair follicles and occur in areas of the body with lots of hair
Eccrine sweat glands open onto the skin’s surface and occur over most of the body
_______________ is a band of smooth muscle that attaches to hair follicles, controlling hair movement
Arrector Pili muscle
The dermis is otherwise called ____________
True skin
The skin receives _________ ratio of cardiac output
⅓ of cardiac output
The skin is ________% waterproof
90
The skin is ________kg in weight
3
The skin covers __________ in diameter
9000cm²
The dermis is divided into _______ and ___________ portions
Papillary
Reticular
What causes white hair in humans?
Absence of pigment and air bubbles in hair shaft
What causes grey hair in humans?
Absence of pigment
Sebaceous glands secretion is under the control of the ______________ system
Endocrine
Sebaceous glands secretion increases at _________________ and decreases during _________________
Puberty
Late Pregnancy
Sebaceous glands are absent in what parts of the body?
Palms and Soles
Sweat is odourless
True/False
True
Odour in sweat is due to the action of bacteria
The human body operates at what temperature?
37°C
Humans are
a. Warm blooded creatures
b. Cold blooded creatures
Warm blooded creatures
What part of the brain measures the temperature of blood?
Hypothalamus
What role do sweat glands play in temperature regulation?
They secrete sweat that cools the body when it’s too hot
In a case of low body temperature, blood vessels ____________ to return temperature to normal
Vasoconstrict
An abnormal rise in temperature above normal range is called _____________
Fever
The artificial decrease of body temperature during heart surgery to stop the heart and depress cell metabolism is a process called __________________
Artificial hypothermia
Body fluids are broadly compartmentalized into _____ compartments
2
Intracellular
Extracellular
Fluids found within the cell are called ___________
Intracellular fluids
The cytoplasm of a cell is composed of two parts __________ and _____________
Cytosol and Cell organelles
What are Extracellular Fluids?
These are fluids found outside cells
Intravascular and Interstitial fluids are subdivisions of _____________ fluids
Extracellular
Differentiate between Intravascular and Interstitial fluids
Intravascular fluids are fluids found within blood vessels
Interstitial fluids are fluids that lie outside blood vessels
Fluids found in chambers created by epithelial linings are called _______________ fluids
Transcellular
The following are examples of transcellular fluids except:
a. Synovial fluid
b. Blood
c. Urinary fluid
d. Cerebrospinal fluid
e. Pleural fluid
b. Blood
Total blood fluid is _______ liters
42
Intracellular fluids make up about ______ liters of total body fluids
28
Extracellular fluids make up about ____ liters of total body fluids
14
Blood enters into the kidney through the _____________
Renal artery
The kidneys make up ______ % of total body weight
0.5
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is ______________
Nephron
The kidney receives ________ percent of the body’s cardiac output
25
What is the main function of the kidney?
Filtration of blood for the production of Urine.
Filtration of blood occurs in what part of the kidney
The Glomerulus
Major reabsorption of nutrients occurs in what part of the kidney?
The proximal convoluted tubule
The nephrotic loop is also referred to as _______________
The loop of Henle
The nephron is made up of two main parts, namely;
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
Blood vessels surrounding the renal tubules are referred to as ___________
Peritubular capillaries
Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into a venule.
True/False
False
Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into an Efferent arteriole
The volume of blood filtered through the Glomerulus of both kidneys per minute is called _____________________
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The Glomerulus allows the passage of plasma proteins, red blood cells and solutes.
True/False
False
The Glomerulusdoes not permit the passage of plasma proteins and reb blood cells.
Plasma and solutes however, are permitted through
Renal blood flow is inversely proportional to ________________
Arteriolar resistance
Renal blood flow is directly proportional to __________________
Blood pressure
__________________ and _______________ hormones act to increase arteriolar resistance
Angiotensin II
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal gland in response to ___________
Sympathetic stimulation
Angiotensin II is synthesized in response to ______________
Low blood pressure
How is Angiotensin II produced from Angiotensinogen
JG cells in afferent arterioles of kidney produce Renin
Renin cleaves Angiotensin I from Angiotensinogen produced in the liver
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Prostaglandin E2 and I2 are secreted during sympathetic stimulation for what purpose?
To dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles to ensure blood flow doesn’t get too low even in Fight or Flight situations
Local mechanisms within the kidney that keep GFR and renal blood flow constant despite varying systemic blood pressures are known as
Renal Autoregulation
The two autoregulation mechanisms are _________________ and ________________
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular mechanism
The tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation is associated with _________________ in the tubules
Salt concentration
_________________ are specialized cells found in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as salt sensors
Macula Densa cells
Macula Densa cells secrete _____________ in response to high salt levels
Adenosine
Adenosine inhibits the secretion of _____________ from Juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
Macula Densa cells secrete _________ in response to low salt levels
Prostaglandin
The force exerted by fluids on the walls of their containers is called _____________
Hydrostatic pressure
The force exerted by plasma proteins on the walls of the compartment in which they are contained is called _________
Oncotic pressure
Normal human urine consists of ___________% water
95
The process of urine formation is carried out in how many phases?
3
The first phase of urine formation is ________
Glomerular filtration
The endothelium of glomerular blood vessels possess fenestrations that restrict the passage of ______________
Blood cells
What is Net filtration pressure?
This is expressed by pressures favouring filtration minus pressure opposing filtration
What is the relationship between GFR and Net filtration pressure?
GFR= Kf * NFP
Where Kf is the filtration coefficient
Selective reabsorption is regulated by hormones _________________ and ______________
Aldosterone
Vasopressin/ADH
What is micturition?
This is the process of passing urine out of the body
The ureter connects to the ____________ part of the bladder
Posterior
The bladder is lined with ________________ epithelium
Transitional
Urine leaves the bladder through the _____________
Urethra
Urine is prevented from leaking from the bladder due to two rings of muscles called _______________ and ______________
Internal urinary sphincter
External urinary sphincter
Which of the urinary sphincters is voluntary?
External urinary sphincter
The male urethra is divided into ________________, _______________ and _______________
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
The bladder walls are made of muscles called ______________
Detrusor muscles
What gender is likely to contract urinary tract infections and why?
The female gender
This is because the female urinary tract is more exposed to the outside than the urinary tract of males.
________________ in the brain senses the osmolarity of blood that comes in contact with it
The 3rd ventricle
Water is regulated in the nephron by what hormone?
Vasopressin
ADH is synthesized in what part of the body?
Hypothalamus
