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The Mediverse 2.2 > General Biochemistry > Flashcards

General Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules capable of speeding the the rate of a reaction without being used up at the end of the reaction are called __________________

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

Enzymes are otherwise called _____________

A

Biocatalysts

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3
Q

Enzymes are different from catalysts in the sense that ________________

A

Enzymes function in a biological system
Catalysts function in a non-living system

Enzymes only speed up the rate of a reaction
Catalysts speed up or slow down the rate of a reaction

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4
Q

Enzymes can be denatured by changes in ___________ and ______________

A

Temperature
PH

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5
Q

Enzymes occur below ____________°C

A

100

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6
Q

What is the catalytic power of enzymes?

A

10⁶ to 10¹²

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7
Q

Which is true of enzymes
a) Undergo physical changes during a reaction and remain that way at the end of the reaction

b) Undergo no changes at the beginning of a reaction but changes toward the end

c) Undergo physical change during a reaction and changes back to its original form at the end of the reaction

A

C
Enzymes undergo physical changes during a reaction but revert back to their original forms at the end of the reaction

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8
Q

Enzymes exhibit their catalytic effects on substances known as _______________

A

Substrates

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9
Q

The fundamental structural units of all proteins are __________________

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

Peptide bonds are _____________ bonds

A

Covalent

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11
Q

Proteins contain __________% of carbon

A

50-55

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12
Q

Proteins contain ____________% of nitrogen

A

15-18

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13
Q

Name the 10 essential amino acids

A

Methionine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Valine
Phenylalanine

Mnemonic: vote MATT HILL for VP

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14
Q

Name the 10 Non-essential amino acids

A

Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartate
Proline
Serine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Glycine
Glutamine
Glutamate

Mnemonic: Always Allow Annoying People Sit Close To Gi-Gantic Girls

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15
Q

Amino acids in nature that do not occur in proteins are called ______________

A

Non-protein amino acids

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16
Q

4 physical properties of amino acids

A

Some are tasteless
Some have sweet flavor
They are white crystalline structures
Soluble in water
Insoluble in non-polar organic solvents
High melting point

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17
Q

Amino acids contain both acid and base and can react with both of them to give water.
This is the ________________ nature of amino acids

A

Amphoteric

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18
Q

Amino acids with both negative and positive charges are called ____________

A

Zwitterions

**Tip: Remember “Twitter Ions”

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19
Q

The PH where amino acids have no tendency to move to a positive for negative electrode is called ______________

A

Isoelectric PH

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20
Q

Peptide bonds are formed between _________________

A

The carboxylic group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other

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21
Q

A typical amino acid has 5 components

A

Central carbon
A- Amino group
R- Group (Side chain)
C- Carboxylic group
H- Hydrogen atom

Mnemonic: Carbon - ARCH

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22
Q

Amino acid structures differ due to differences in their ____________

A

Side chains

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23
Q

________________ is a commonly occurring tripeptide found in living organisms used for detoxification purposes

A

Gluthatione

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24
Q

______________ is a nanapeptide in the body that induces labor in pregnant women

A

Oxytocin

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25
Q

____________ is a nanapeptide in the body that controls blood pressure

A

Vasopressin

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26
Q

______________________ is a Dipeptide commercially used as a sweetener for diabetics

A

L-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine

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27
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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28
Q

The physiological PH of amino acid is ___________

A

7.4

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29
Q

Proline is the only __________ amino acid

A

Cyclic

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30
Q

Aromatic amino acids are _______________, ______________ and _____________

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

Mnemonic: Pray Ten Times

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31
Q

Aliphatic amino acids are _______, __________, ____________, ___________, ______________

A

Glycine
Leucine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine

Mnemonic: GLAVI

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32
Q

A peptide formed between 2 amino acids is called _______________

A

Dipeptide

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33
Q

A peptide formed between 3 amino acids is called _______________

A

Tripeptides

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34
Q

A peptide formed between a few amino acids is called _______________

A

Oligopeptides

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35
Q

A peptide formed between many amino acids is called _______________

A

Polypeptide

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36
Q

__________ amino acid forms hormones like adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones and melanin

A

Tyrosine

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37
Q

Amino acids that are converted to carbohydrates are called_______________

A

Glycogenic amino acids

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38
Q

Niacin is Vitamin B3 and it is synthesized by what amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

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39
Q

____________ and ___________ amino acids help in the synthesis of bile salts

A

Glycine
Cysteine

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40
Q

Serotonin is formed from which amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

41
Q

_____________ amino acid is used for the synthesis of haem

42
Q

Histidine turns to _____________ upon decarboxylation

43
Q

Cysteine and methionine are sources of _____________

44
Q

Substances derived from amino acids are called _____________

A

Amino acid derivatives

45
Q

Gluthatione
Betaine
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Histamine
Dopamine
GABA

The above are examples of ____________

A

Amino acid derivatives

46
Q

What type of amino acid can be synthesized in the body
a) Essential
b) Semi-Essential
c) Non-Essential

A

Non-Essential amino acids

47
Q

Oligosaccharides contain _____________ monosaccharides

48
Q

‘Two monosaccharides joined covalently by an O-glycosidic bond’

The above is a ______________

A

Disaccharide

49
Q

Disaccharides are homogenous and not heterogeneous
True/False

A

False
Disaccharides can both be homogeneous as seen in maltose and heterogenous as seen in sucrose and lactose

50
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins that alter the rate of a metabolic reaction in a biological system while not being used up at the end of the reaction.

51
Q

Enzymes function in a biological system as ________________ function in a non-living system

52
Q

Enzymes are otherwise called ________________

A

Biocatalysts

53
Q

Enzymes can be denatured by change in _______________ and _______________

A

PH and Heat

54
Q

Enzymes occur below ___________°C

55
Q

What is the catalytic power of enzymes?

A

10⁶ - 10¹²

56
Q

Enzymes exhibit their catalytic effects on substances called _____________

A

Substrates

57
Q

Enzymes are said to exhibit Absolute specificity in what situation?

A

When they catalyze only one particular reaction

58
Q

_____________________, ____________________, and __________________ are specificity of enzymes

A

Absolute
Group
Optical

59
Q

Enzymes are said to exhibit Group specificity in what situation?

A

When they act on substrates with a specific functional group

60
Q

Enzymes are said to exhibit optical specificity in what situation?

A

When enzymes are specific to the substrates and their optical configurations

61
Q

Cite an example of Optical specificity

A

L-amino oxidase acting on L-amino acid but not on D-amino acid.

D-glucose oxidase acting on D-glucose but not on L-glucose

L-lactate dehydrogenase acting on L-lactic acid but not on D-lactic acid

62
Q

Cite an example of Group specificity of enzymes

A

Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin

63
Q

Cite an example of Absolute specificity

A

Glucokinase acting on glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

64
Q

Enzymes are classified into 6 in what order

A

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolaces
Lylases
Isomerases
Ligases

Mnemonic: OTHLIL

65
Q

Enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions are classified as ________________

A

Oxidoreductases

66
Q

Enzymes that _____________________ are classified as transferases

A

Catalyze transfer of chemical groups from one compound to another

67
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond are classified as _______________

A

Hydrolaces

68
Q

Lylases are enzymes that _________________

A

Catalyze the breaking down if a bond without catalysis

69
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of an isomer of a compound are classified as ________________

A

Isomerases

70
Q

Ligases are enzymes that catalyze ____________________

A

The association of two molecules

71
Q

The minimum extra energy required by a reactant to get converted to a product is termed _______________

A

Activation energy

72
Q

State Fischer’s Lock and Key theory?

A

The active site of an enzyme has a conformational shape that compliments the shape of the binding substrate

73
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

This is the part of the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and a chemical reaction takes place.

74
Q

What is the Allosteric site of an enzyme?

A

This is the part of an enzyme that inhibits the activity of the enzyme by changing the conformational shape of the active site.

75
Q

State Koshland’s induced-fit theory

A

The active site of an enzyme will undergo a conformational change to attain an optimal fit for the binding substrate.

It is an enzyme-substrate interaction.

76
Q

The protein part of an enzyme is called ____________

A

Apoenzyme or Apoprotein

77
Q

A complete active enzyme is called __________________

A

Holoenzyme

78
Q

The non-proteinous parts of an enzyme are called _________________

A

Co-factors

79
Q

The non-proteinous part of an enzyme are of two types. __________________ and _______________

A

Organic part called Coenzymes
Inorganic part called Ions

80
Q

What are metalloenzymes?

A

These are enzymes with a definite amount of metal ions that are retained throughout

81
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

These are enzymes that exist in different forms within a single cell or species of an organism

82
Q

Isoenzymes are otherwise called ________________

83
Q

5 uses of enzymes

A

Laundry
Beverages
Altering metabolic reactions
Diagnosis of diseases
Used in drug and pharmaceutical companies
Used in manufacturing industries

84
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Building blocks of amino acids

85
Q

Nitrogenous base + Ribose = ?

The above reaction would yield a _______________

A

Nucleoside

86
Q

Nitrogenous base+ Ribose + Phosphate group= ?

The above reaction would yield a __________________

A

Nucleotide

87
Q

_________________ and _________________ are nitrogenous bases that make up nucleotides

A

Purine
Pyrimidine

88
Q

The major bases of Purine are?

A

Adenine
Guanine

89
Q

The major bases of pyrimidine are?

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

90
Q

The minor bases of purine are?

A

Xanthine
Hypoxanthine

91
Q

What is a Ribose?

A

A Ribose is a 5 carbon sugar that helps differentiate between DNA and RNA

92
Q

___________________ base is formed from a hexagonal and pentagonal structure

A

Purine

Tip* Number the structure in an anticlockwise manner from 10 o’Clock and then clockwise from 12 o’Clock

93
Q

______________ is formed from adding an amino group to position 6 of the Purine parent structure

A

Adenine

Tip* NH² signifies an Amino group

94
Q

Guanine is formed from oxidizing position _______ and adding an amino group to position _______ of the parent structure

A

Oxidizing position 6
Amino group to position 2

Tip* NH² signifies an amino group
O denotes oxidization
The oxidant collects the double bond

95
Q

________________ base is formed from a hexagonal structure

A

Pyrimidine

Tip* Structure is numbered in a clockwise manner from 6 o’Clock

96
Q

Cytosine structure is formed from the pyrimidine parent structure by _______________

A

Oxidizing position 2
Adding an amino group to position 4

97
Q

____________________ structure is formed by oxidizing both positions 2 and 4 and methylating position 5 of the pyrimidine parent structure

98
Q

___________________ structure is formed from oxidizing positions 2 and 4 of the pyrimidine parent structure

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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