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HUD > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What anatomical structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Mouth
Larynx - throat

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2
Q

What anatomical structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
Alveoli

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3
Q

What diseases classify as lower respiratory tract infections?

A

Pulmonary embolism
COPD
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis

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4
Q

What is the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea (SOB)?

A

Rapid onset - asthma, pulmonary embolus, inhaled foreign bod, pneumothorax
Gradual - obstructive airway disease, malignancy
Orthopnoea - cardiac cause

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5
Q

What are the common symptoms of respiratory diseases?

A

Cough
Dyspnoea
Wheeze - expiratory, asthma
Stridor - inspiratory, allergic swelling, foreign body
Cyanosis - peripheral then cardiac, central then lungs
Finger clubbing
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Horners syndrome - drooping of eye lid

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6
Q

What diseases classify as upper respiratory tract diseases?

A

Inhaled foreign body
Common cold
Influenza
Rhinitis
Sinusitis

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7
Q

What is the pathology following an inhaled foreign body?

A

Goes down pharynx to right main bronchus and lower lobe of lung
Risk of abscess and pneumonia
Obstruct airflow - cough, stridor, wheeze

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8
Q

What is the treatment for an inhaled foreign body?

A

Cough and turn head to the side
Heimlich manoeuvre
Suction, forceps and good lighting
Bronchoscope
High flow oxygen

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9
Q

What are dental ways of preventing an inhaled foreign body?

A

Rubber dam
Pharyngeal sponges
Restraining cords

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10
Q

What is the common cold virus?

A

Rhinovirus

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11
Q

What is influenza virus coated with?

A

Haemagglutinin
Neuraminidase

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12
Q

What is the difference between antigenic shift and drift?

A

Shift - major change in sequences
Drift - minor change in genomic sequences - influenza

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13
Q

What is the treatment for influenza?

A

Aspirin
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Antibiotics for those with bronchitis
Vaccine

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14
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Caused by allergen
Can be seasonal

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15
Q

What is the treatment for rhinitis?

A

Antihistamines

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16
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Bacterial Infection of paranasal sinus

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17
Q

What is sinusitis caused by?

A

Strep. Pneumonia
Haemophilius influenza
Follows a viral infection

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18
Q

What is the dental relevance of sinusitis?

A

Can appear as toothache in the upper molar teeth - due to alveolar nerve
Thickening of lining mucosa opaque of radiograph

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19
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

Antibiotics - cefaclor

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20
Q

What is acute pharyngitis caused by?

A

Virus
May lead to bacterial infection
Feature of glandular fever

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21
Q

What is laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis?

A

Croup
Infection with measles virus or influenza virus
Inflammatory oedema in larynx

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22
Q

What is the treatment for laryngo tracheo bronchitis (croup)?

A

Oxygen
Inhaled steam
Tracheostomy

23
Q

What is COPD?

A

Diseases that lead to damage of lung tissue
Chronic bronchitis
Ephysema

24
Q

What is seen in chronic bronchitis?

A

Airway obstruction limits airflow - decreased ventilation
Excessive mucus production
Chronic inflammation bronchi

25
Q

What is the other name for chronic bronchitis and why?

A

Blue bloaters
Blue - hypoxia and polycythaemia
Obese and water retention
Bloating - residual lung volume increases

26
Q

What is seen in emphysema?

A

Destruction of airways
Loss of elastic recoil
Expiratory airflow limited and collapse

27
Q

What is the other name for emphysema and why?

A

Pink puffers
Decreased ability to oxygenate blood
Less SA for gas exchange - hyperventilate

28
Q

What is the cause of COPD?

A

Smoking
Pollution
Infection
Antitrypsin deficiency

29
Q

What damage follows COPD?

A

Respiratory epithelium ulcers
Excess mucus
Airway narrowing

30
Q

What is the treatment of COPD?

A

Cessation
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Steroids
Influenza vaccine
Emergency - use 100% oxygen

31
Q

What is the dental relevance of COPD?

A

Rubber dam difficulty breathing
Candida infection - steroids
Do not sedate

32
Q

What are the main causes of asthma?

A

Lifestyle
Pollen, allergies
Raised IgE levels
Asthma gene
Bronchial hyper-reactivity

33
Q

What pathology follows asthma?

A

Oedema
Bronchi-constriction
Mucous secretions plug bronchioles

34
Q

What is the pathology of asthma caused by?

A

Mast cell degranulation
Release of histamine and prostaglandin
Lymphocytes active eosinophils - shed epithelium

35
Q

What is the treatment for asthma?

A

Beta 2 agonist - salbutamol bronchodilator
Inhaled steroid
Long acting beta 2 agonist
Nebulisers

36
Q

What is the dental relevance of asthma?

A

Can provoke acute attack
NSAIDS worsen asthma attack - ibuprofen
Inhaled steroids - candiditis
Use inhaler at the beginning

37
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism caused by?

A

Emboli released from blood clots in lower limb from DVT
Long rest
Cardiac failure
Surgery

38
Q

What is the pathology following a pulmonary embolism?

A

Embolus obstructs pulmonary arterial circulation
Collapse of alveoli
Decreased efficiency of gas exchange

39
Q

What are the signs of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Sudden onset of chest pain
SOB
Coughing up blood

40
Q

What is the treatment for a pulmonary embolism?

A

Anticoagulants and thrombolytic drugs
Warfarin
Aspirin

41
Q

What is the dental relevance for a pulmonary embolism?

A

Special care before invasive procedures
Weight reductions
Stockings
Elevation of leg

42
Q

What is the cause of pneumonia?

A

Lung disease
Smoking
Alcohol
Immunosuppression

43
Q

What is the treatment for pneumonia?

A

Amoxicillin 500mg 7 days

44
Q

What is the main complication of pneumonia?

A

Lung abscess
Empyema pus in pleural cavity

45
Q

What causes the infection of pneumonia?

A

Myobacterium tuberculosis
Viral

46
Q

What causes the infection of TB?

A

Myobacterium tuberculosis

47
Q

What areas of the body does TB mainly affect?

A

Lungs
Lymph nodes
Gut

48
Q

What is primary and post primary TB?

A

Primary - initial infection in lung, symptomless, subpleural
Post primary - re infection, pulmonary, pleural pain

49
Q

What is used as prevention of TB?

A

BCG

50
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

Rifampicin - stains dentures orange
Isoniazid
Ethambutol

51
Q

What are the two types of lung cancer?

A

Small cell lung cancer - central, rapid growth, metastasises early, polypeptide hormones
Non-small cell lung cancer - slower growth rate, metastasises later, squamous cell, large cell, adenocarcinoma, alveolar

52
Q

What is the treatment for lung cancer?

A

Surgical treatment
Radio and chemotherapy
Analgesia

53
Q

What is the dental relevance of lung cancer?

A

Cessation
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Neck veins
Horners syndrome

HUD (16 decks)

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