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HUD > Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

What can toxins cause?

A

Food poisoning
Cancer
Perio
Inappropriate immune response

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2
Q

What is the main type of endotoxin?

A

LPS
Lipopolysaccharide

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3
Q

What are the types of exotoxin?

A

Pore forming
Surface acting
Intracellular

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4
Q

What are endotoxins produced by?

A

Gram negative bacteria

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5
Q

What are the main features of endotoxins?

A

Heat stable
Poorly antigenic
Cause cytokine storm and inflammation
Cause of shock and fever

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6
Q

How do they interact with body cells?

A

Lipid A of endotoxin binds to CD14 and TLR4
Produces cytokines

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7
Q

How do toxins damage the membrane?

A

Enzymes
Pore formation

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8
Q

Which toxins are membrane acting?

A

Small toxins
Proteases
Super antigens

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9
Q

What is a small toxin and how does it work?

A

Small cysteine rich protein
Produced by enterotoxics
Molecular mimicry

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10
Q

What do super antigens result in?

A

Toxic shock syndrome
Excessive activation of T cell immune response

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11
Q

What are the steps in intracellular toxin attack?

A

Cell binding
Membrane translocation
Enzymatic action

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12
Q

What are the most well known neurotoxins?

A

Botulinum
Tetanus

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13
Q

How do neurotoxins work?

A

Attack signalling across synapses
Block transmitters

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14
Q

What are symptoms of diphtheria?

A

Inflamed throat
Diphtheritic membrane in throat
Fever

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15
Q

What causes death from diphtheria?

A

Strangulation
Toxicity

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16
Q

How does diphtheria cause disease?

A

Inhibiting protein synthesis

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17
Q

What non-toxin diseases use type III and IV secretion systems?

A

Versiona pestis: plague, salmonella
Typhoid
Shigellosis

18
Q

What did type III secretion system evolve from?

A

Flagellum

19
Q

What did type IV secretion system evolve from?

A

Pilli

20
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability to cause disease

21
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree of pathogenicity

22
Q

What is a virulent bacteria?

A

Usually cause disease when they infect

23
Q

What is a virulent factor?

A

Bacteria/component only involved in pathogenesis

24
Q

What is a housekeeping gene?

A

Gee involved in all aspects of bacteria’s life

25
Q

What are koch’s postulates?

A

Pathogen occurs in every case of disease
Pathogen does not occur in healthy subject
After isolation, pathogen can induce disease in healthy subject

26
Q

What are molecular koch’s postulates?

A

Phenotype associated more often
Inactivation of virulent genes decrease disease
Restoration of full pathogenicity happens when mutated gene is replaced with wild type

27
Q

What are virulence genes often encoded on?

A

Plasmids
Transposons
Bacteriophages

28
Q

How do microbes adhere to surfaces?

A

Flagellae
Pilli
Surface proteins

29
Q

What is colonisation?

A

Presence of microbes without accompanying disease

30
Q

Define infection

A

Presence of microbes that results in disease

31
Q

What must microbes be able to do in order to survive in their host?

A

Have effects on host
Evade immune defenses
Inactive immune cells

32
Q

What properties of microbes aid invasion?

A

Enzymes
Antiphagocytic capsule and M proteins
Toxins

33
Q

How can intracellular microbes invade a cell and how do they survive?

A

Taken into cell by phagocytosis or endocytosis
Modify phagosome compartments
Nullify host response

34
Q

What are 3 examples of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens?

A

Myobacterium leprae
Chlamydiaceae
Typhyus

35
Q

Where does typhus replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm

36
Q

What are some general features of obligate intracellular bacteria?

A

Long generation time
Exogenous energy supply
Can infect non-phagocyte cells

37
Q

What are the advantages of a microbe being intracellular?

A

Immune evasion
Carried around body
Obtain nutrients from host

38
Q

When does the immune system cause disease?

A

Pyogenic inflammation - acute
Can get shock from cytokine storm and organ failure
Granulomatous inflammation - chronic
Granulomas form

39
Q

What is a cytokine storm?

A

Over activation of healthy immune system
Cause tissue damage, organ failure, shock, death
Causes sepsis

40
Q

What are damages cause by immune response?

A

Mimicry
Cytokine induction
Toxins

HUD (16 decks)

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