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HUD > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the innate and adaptive immune system?

A

Innate: non-specific, immediate
Adaptive: specific, delayed

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2
Q

What are the main factors involved in innate immunity?

A

Epithelial barrier with tight junctions
Mucus
Enzymes
Phagocytosis
Complement system

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3
Q

How is mucus effective?

A

Trap bacteria so they cannot adhere to surface

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4
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocyte recruited by chemokines and complements
Phagocyte binds to pathogen
Pathogen is internalised to phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
Pathogen destroyed by nitrous oxide

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5
Q

5 examples of antibacterial peptides?

A

Alpha Beta defensiva
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Phospholipase A
Histatins

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6
Q

What are 3 ways of activating the complement cascade?

A
  1. Classical
  2. MB lectin
  3. Alternative
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7
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of the complement cascade?

A
  1. Recruitment of inflammatory cells
  2. Opsonisation of pathogen
  3. Killing of pathogen via lysis
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8
Q

What is the classical pathway activated by?

A

C1q interacts with antibody:antigen complex

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9
Q

What is lectin?

A

Carbohydrate binding protein

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10
Q

Why can lectin bind to microbes?

A

Mannose in microbes cell surface

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11
Q

How is the MB lectin pathway initiated?

A

MB lectin binds to mannose

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12
Q

How is the alternative pathway initiated?

A

C3 cleavage

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13
Q

What are the actions of C3a and C5a

A

Inflammatory mediators

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14
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators effects?

A

Increase vascular permeability
Increased fluid leakage
Migration of macrophages, PMNS and lymphocytes increased
Microbicidal activity increased

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of cell down a chemical gradient
Low-high concentration

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16
Q

How do microbes hide?

A

Evolved capsules

17
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Coating of a particle with proteins
Facilitate phagocytosis by macrophages or dendritic cells

18
Q

What immune cells are associated with innate immunity?

A

Myeloid cells
Granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

19
Q

What lymphoid cells are associated with innate immunity?

A

Natural killer cells
Mature dendritic cells

20
Q

What granulocytes exist in blood?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

21
Q

What are the innate immune cells in tissues?

A

Mast cells
Macrophages

22
Q

How many cells/litre are there of neutrophils?

A

5x10^9

23
Q

What % of total WBCs are neutrophils?

A

75%

24
Q

What are the types of phagocyte cells?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Dendritic cells

25
Q

How do we recognise pathogens?

A

Opsonisation
PRRs - pathogen recognition receptors

26
Q

What are 2 examples of PRRs?

A

Toll like receptors
C type lectins

27
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of a PRR recognising a pathogen?

A

Phagocytosis
Secretion of inflammatory mediators
Secretion of cytokines

28
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small glycoproteins
Used in cellular communication

29
Q

What do pro inflammatory cytokines do?

A

Activate macrophages
Stimulate inflammatory mediators release
Activate adaptive immune system

30
Q

What are examples of pro inflammatory cytokines?

A

Interleukins a and b
TNFa
Interferon g

31
Q

What do anti inflammatory cytokines do?

A

Antagonistic to pro inflammatory cytokines
Mediate adaptive immune response
IL 4 & TGF b

32
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

Develop immune cells
Stimulate growth and proliferation

33
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Recruit immune cells

34
Q

What cytokine is produced by all cells in response to viral infection?

A

Type 1 interferons
Shut down protein and DNA synthesis
Activate immune cells to destroy infected cell

35
Q

What is the timeline of infection?

A

Physical barrier
Humoral components: complement, antimicrobiano peptides
PRRs
Recruitment and activation of phagocytes
Activation of adaptive immunity

HUD (16 decks)

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