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Histology > Respiratory Lecture > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Types of epithelia in respiratory system (6)

A 
Stratified squamous
PSCC with goblet cells
PSCC sensory olfactory region
PSCC of respiratory tree
Simple cuboidal of alveolus
Simple squamous of alveolus
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2
Q

What are the 3 regions the nasal cavity consists of

A

Sensory

  • Olfactory
  • Vomeronasal organ

Non-sensory
-Respiratory

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3
Q

What’s the primary function of the respiratory epithelium

A

Warm, clean, and humidify inspired incoming air

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4
Q

Olfactory system CNS or ANS

A

CNS sense of smell

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5
Q

What kind of neurons are in olfactory system

A

True neuron (exposed to outside world and vulnerable)

Bipolar neuron (true neuron, has axon and dendrite)

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6
Q

What types of receptors are in olfactory system

A

Odorant receptors on cilia

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7
Q

T/F Olfactory system is capable of neuron replacement

A

T
This is normal and happens when injured

Happens via basal cell mitosis (post natal neurogenesis) and development of new acon and dendrite.

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8
Q

When doing neurological testing for CN I use…

A

Food

NOT smelling salts

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9
Q

Where does olfactory neuron axon project

->Probelm?

A

Directly to CNS olfactory bulb

->Potential portal of infection to CNS

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10
Q

What are the 2 sensory systems present in canine?

A

Main olfactory system-in nasal cavoty

Vomeronasal system-opens into oral cavity

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11
Q

Where does the VNO system and main olfactory system connect

A

Connect with axon projections to olfactory bulb

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12
Q

What is the VNO system important for?

A

Mating and repro fxns

–>VNO Flehmen response

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13
Q

Sensory epithelium consists of (5)

A

Basal cells

Supporting cells

Bipolar olfactory sensory neurons

Olfactory axons in lamina propria

Bowman’s glands

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14
Q

Hyposmia and anosmia are a result from

A

Foreign bodies that damage nasal cavity mucosa…. can cause secondary infection

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15
Q

What are defensins?

  • What fxns do they have
  • Example
A

Small peptides produced by WBC and epithelial cells

Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory fxns

CBD 103 and pigmentation and feeding behavior

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16
Q

What is fxn of olfactory epithelium

A

Detect odorant materials

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17
Q

What are fxn of PSSC, Goblet cells, basal cells, supporting cells, olfactory neurons, axon bundles, Bowman glands

A

Protection

->Mucociliary blanket and defensins

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18
Q

What are some clinical implications of nasal cavity

A

Nasal mass will impact olfaction and respiration

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the trachea

A

Mucosa
Submcosa
Adventtia

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20
Q

What is the classification of trachea epithelium

A

PSCC with goblet cells

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21
Q

What are some physical structures of trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage ring

Trachealis muscle

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22
Q

Give breakdown of trachea

A

Bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi

Secondary bronchi (enters lung lobes)

Tertiary bronchi

Terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

T/F Trachea epithelium PSCC, gets “higher” as you work caudally down the conducting airway system

A

F

PSCC gets lower

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24
Q

As airway decreases in size what trends occur

A

Decrease in cartilage

Glands and epithelial height

Increase in smooth muscle

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25
Q

Distinguish what components of bronchial tree have cartilage and smooth muscle

A

Primary bronchi
-Cartilage plates
-Smooth muscle
(Primary component that maintains airway patency)

Secondary bronchi

  • Cartilage plates
  • Smooth muscle

Tertiary bronchi

  • Cartilage plates
  • Smooth muscle

Terminal bronchioles

  • NO CARTILAGE
  • Smooth muscle
26
Q

What cells are in the respiratory epithelium

A 
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Brush cells
DNES cells
27
Q

What is the beginning of the respiratory portion of airway

A

Respiratory bronchioles

28
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

  • Epithelium
  • Goblet ccells
  • Alveoli
  • Glands
A

Simple epithelium

Few goblet cells

Alveoli present in airway wall

No glands

29
Q

In respiratory bronchioles, which extends farther, ciliated cells or secretory components?

A

Ciliated cells

30
Q

What cells protect bronchiolar airway

A

Clara cells

-Columnar shape secretory cells

31
Q

Is there gas exchange in terminal bronchiole?

A

Nope

-Dead air space

32
Q

Is there gas exchange in respiratory bronchiole?

A

Yes

33
Q

T/F Bronchial tree is conducting portion

A

T

34
Q

What includes the conducting

portion?

A

Bronchial tree

  • L and R primary bronchi
  • Intrapulmonary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
35
Q

What’s the difference btw intrapulmonary bronchi and primary bronchi

A

Primary bronchi=cartilage C rings

Intrapulmonary bronchi= Irregular hyaline cartilage

  • Smooth muscle are in two distinct layers and spiral in opposite directions.
  • Elastic fibers, radiate from adventitia to connect with elastic fibers arising from other parts of the bronchial tree (similar to terminal bronchioles)
36
Q

What are the ranges of bronchiole epithelium

A

Ciliate simple columnar with occasional goblet cells in larger bronchioles to simple cuboidal (many with cilia) with occasional Clara cells and no goblet cells in smaller bronchioles

37
Q

Termnal bronchioles are lined by…

-Lamina propria consists of…

A

Clara cells and cuboidal cells

Fibroelastic CT and 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
Elastic fibers similar to intrapulmonary bronchi

38
Q

What cells produces surfactant

A

Type II cells…secrete surfactant on alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and keeps alveoli from inflating.

39
Q

The respiratory portion of the respiratory system is composed of

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

40
Q

If alveoli are present, what occurs?

A

GAS EXCHANGE

So bronchioles=gas exchange
Terminal bronchioles=no gas exchange

41
Q

Explain alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and atrium

A

Alveolar ducts do not have walls of their own and end as a blind outpouching made of alveoli. THIS IS ALVEOLAR SAC.

Alevolar sac open into common space and called ATRIUM

42
Q

What are alveoli made of

A

Air sacs made of type I and type II (larger) pneumocytes

43
Q

What is the region btw adjacent alveoli and what capillary bed is associated with it

A

Interalveolar septum

Continuous capillaries

44
Q

What is the thinnest region of interalveolar septum where gas exchange can occur?
-What happens here

A

Blood-gas barrier.
-Type I pneumocytes in intimate contact with endothelial lining of capillary and basal laminae. Helps O2 (alveolar lumen) exchange with CO2 (blood)

45
Q

Classify lung parenchyma

A

Simple squamous cuboidal

46
Q

What cells can mitotically divide?

A

Type II pneumocytes and can differentiate into type I cels and re-establish air-blood barrier.

47
Q

What makes up the majority of SA of the alveolus alveolar lining

A

Type I cells

48
Q

If Type I cells are injured…

A

Type II cells can undergo mitosis and replace Type I cells and re-establish alveolar lining.

49
Q

What is recruited to clear dead type I cells

-What are they called

A

Pulmonary MQ

-Heart failure cells because RBCs and hemosiderin content are called “gitter cells”

50
Q

What is in the gas-blood barrier?

A 
Surfactant
Type I cells 
Fused basal lamina of Type I 
Basal lamina of endothelial cell
Edothelial cell
RBC
51
Q

How can MQ move?

A

Pores of Kahn (intralevolar pore) in alveolar wall

52
Q

Atelectasis

AKA

A

Collapsed lung

53
Q

What are normal contents of pleural cavity

A

Scant amount of serous fluid (keeps frction low and surface tension high)

54
Q

Air in pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

55
Q

Blood in pleural cavity

A

Hemothorax

56
Q

Pus in pleural cavoty

A

Pyrothroax

57
Q

Where are tracheal collapse most seen?

A

Toy/miniature breeds

58
Q

Cause of tracheal collapse

A

???

59
Q

What’s critical management of tracheal collapse?

A

Weight management

60
Q

What are defense mechanisms of repiratory tract

A

Nasal cacity

Mucociliary tract

Glandular and epithelial secretions of defensins antibmicrobial and antiviral proteins

Alveolar MQ

Histology (14 decks)

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