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Histology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Advantage of using condenser with light microscope

A

Lowering condenser allows light to focus on a broader field. Shadows are increased and more details can be observed.

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2
Q

What microscope allows 3D image

A

Scanning electron microscope

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3
Q

When is transmission electron microscope used?

A

Used with ultra thin specimen so electrons can pass through.

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4
Q

H & E stain

A

Hematoxylin is a basic dye that stains acidic tissues. Tissues that stain with H are basophilic.

Eosinin is an acidic dye that stains basic tissues. Tissues that stain with E are acidophilic.

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5
Q

Silver Stain

A

Used to ID reticular fibers

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6
Q

Masson’s trichrome stain

A

Stain that uses 3 color staining protocol=Blue, Red, Pink

Blue is usually CT
Red can be nuclei/muscles
Pink can be cytoplasm

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7
Q

Periodic acid Schiff stain

A

Stains for carbohydrates as magenta

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8
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

Common stain with blood

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9
Q

Mitosis steps

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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10
Q

Interphase

A

Chromatin (genetic material) is in ball inside nucleus

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11
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin still in ball form inside nucleus but start to go towards opposite sides of nucleus.

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

Centromeres of chromatin position in center of cell and microtubules start to form to pull chromatids away.

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are dragged towards opposite sides of cell

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14
Q

Telophase

A

Immature daughter cells are formed with nuclear envelopes beginning to form. Can see beginning of two cells.

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15
Q

Open faced vs closed face

A

OF- see more euchromatin and cell is mitotically active

CF- inactive mitotically

Both have heterochromatin

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus staining ID

A

White outside nucleus= negative Golgi stain

Neither acidic or basic, cell is making proteins.

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17
Q

RER staining ID

A

Around nucleus, see “purple haze” and means active cell and making proteins

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18
Q

Cell artificats

A

Things that just shouldn’t be there

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19
Q

Cell Inclusions

A

Nonliving components the cell doesn’t need. They do not have metabolic activity and are not membrane bound.

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20
Q

Types of cell inclusions. Most common under H&E staining?

A

-glycogen
-lipids
crystals
pigments

Lipids and pigments are most common

21
Q

Glycogen

A

Cell inclusion: most common form of glucose. Abundant in muscle and liver. E source for cells

22
Q

Lipids

A

Cell inclusion: triglycerides. Commonly in adipocytes and hepatocytes. E source for CM and hormone synthesis

Usually stored as droplets.

23
Q

Crystals

A

Cell inclusion: crystalline forms of certain proteins common in sertolli and leydig cells of the testis

Consists mainly of Ca2+ oxalate and Ca2+ carbonate

24
Q

Pigments

A

Cell inclusion: can be protective function (melanin) or mark cells age or exposure to oxidative stress (lipofuscin)

25
Q

Melanin

A

Cell inclusion-pigment

The most common biological pigment. Made from melanocytes–>from neural crest and some parts of the nervous system.

Pigment is passed to keratinocytes.

26
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Cell inclusion- pigment

Hemosiderin is the residue of blood cell destruction

27
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Cell inclusion-pigment

Yellow-brown granules with residues of lysosomal digestion. Considered sign of aging or “wear and tear” pigments.

Found in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adrenals, and nerve cells.

28
Q

Critical factor in obtaining crisp detailed image with microscope

A

Resolving power-resolution

29
Q

Stroma

A

Nonliving connective tissue support of an organ.

30
Q

Parenchyma (example in pancreas)

A

Functional part of the organ

In pancreas=pancreatic acinar cells and pancreatic islet cells)

31
Q

Septa (in pancreas)

A

Divides parenchyma (part of stroma)

32
Q

Acinar cells

A

In pancreatic acinar cells. Is basophilic (nucleus=DNA) and acidophilic (zymogen granules) .

Zymogen is cell inclusion that contains pro enzymes needed for digestion. Zymogen on apical side of cell.

33
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Made of large ganglionic cells which are surrounded by satellite cells.

Has large nucleus (open faced) and nucleolus.

34
Q

Nissl substance

A

RER basophilic staining in neurons.

35
Q

RER vs SER

A

RER makes and modifies proteins to be packaged

SER makes cholestrols, lipids, and helps with detox

36
Q

Space around ganglionic cells?

A

Shrinkage and is an artifact

37
Q

Erythrocyte size and significance

A

5-7 micrometers and good marker for measurement to estimate other cell size.

38
Q

Satellite cells in neurons

A

Glial cells that cover cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.

39
Q

Liver paranchyma

A

hepatocytes

40
Q

Cell inclusions seen in hepatocytes

A

Lipid droplets and glycogen

41
Q

Epidermis is derived from and made up of

A

Ectoderm-mostly epithelial cells

42
Q

Dermis is derived from

A

Mesoderm- Nonliving extracellular material like connective tissue such as collagen.

43
Q

Melanin

A

Cell inclusion.
Made by melanocytes in response to DNA damage
Protects nuclei of cell from UV damage.

44
Q

Melanocytes

A

From neurocrest cells of ectoder (GERM LAYER). They export melanin to neighboring cells of epidermis.

45
Q

Uterus with high estrogen appearance

A

Endometrium (endoderm origin) meets myometrium (smooth muscle=mesoderm origin).

Active mitosis (cell proliferation) going on and can see mitotic figures.

46
Q

Uterus with low estrogen appearance

A

Endometrium (endoderm origin) doesn’t meet myometrium (smooth muscle=mesoderm(GERM LAYER) origin) and appears shrunken.

Progesterone levels drop

Vascular tissue regression results and some RBCs in CT proper.

47
Q

Macrophages

A

Specialized connective tissue cells that phagocytose dead/dying cells and foreign substances

Ususally have large open faced nucleus

If MQ devours RBC they’ll look brown/rusty and cell inclusion hemosiderin results.

48
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Cell inclusion

Characteristic of presence of hemomolecular cleaved from hemoglobin.

Normally seen in MG after hemorrage into CT proper.

Histology (14 decks)

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