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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialized form of

A

CT that comprises ~10% body weight

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2
Q

Some major functions of blood

A
  • Gas exchange (O2 carried by hemoglobin; CO2 carried by hemoglobin and plasma)
  • Transport nutrients from GI tract to all cells
  • Transport cellular waste products to organs for elimination
  • Transport hormones, metabolites, electrolytes
  • Cellular defense (immunity)
  • Regulation of body temp
  • Homeostasis of body fluid pH and osmotic pressure
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3
Q

What’s the composition of blood

A

Plasma (55%) and formed elements(45%)

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4
Q

Composition of plasma (in blood)

A
  • Water (91%)
  • Solutes (nutrients, wastes, blood gases, electrolytes, regulatory molecules)
  • Proteins (albumin, fibrinogens, globulins, clotting factors)
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5
Q

Composition of formed elements (in blood)

A

AKA hematocrit

  • Erythrocytes- 5x10^6/mm3
  • Leukocytes-5-10x10^3/mm3
  • Thrombocytes/platelets-150-200x10^3/mm3
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6
Q

From which embryonic germ layer is blood derived?

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

List plasma proteins

A

Albumin: 65% osmolarity and viscosity
Globulins: transport and storage proteins
–>Transferrins transports iron in blood
–>Ferritin stores iron in liver and marrow
Fibrinogens: clotting proteins

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8
Q

Liver is a source of what plasma proteins

A 
Albumin
Globulins (AB)***
Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)***
Complement proteins
Plasma lipoproteins
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9
Q

Fxn of albumin

A

Maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports certain insoluble metabolites

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10
Q

Fxn of globulins

A

AB

Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins

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11
Q

Fxn of clotting proteins

A

Formation of fibrin threads

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12
Q

Fxn of C’ proteins

A

Destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammatino

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13
Q

Fxn of lipoproteins

A

Transport triglycerides to liver or from liver to body cells

Transport cholestrol from liver to body cells

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14
Q

Lymphocyes are a source for what plasma proteins

A

Globulins (AB)

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15
Q

Plasma vs Serum

-Which is acellular

A

Both

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16
Q

Plasma vs serum

-Which is from clotted blood

A

Serum (can collect w/o anticoagulant)

Need anticoagulant for plasma

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17
Q

Plasma vs serum

-Which has fibrinogen

A

Plasma

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18
Q

Plasma vs serum

-Collection tubes

A

Plasma- purple/green

Serum-red/blank

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19
Q

Anticoagulant for plasma

A

EDTA

Heparin

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20
Q

Formed element for gaseous exchange; maintain pH

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

Formed element for cells of defense/immunity

A

leukocytes

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22
Q

Formed element thats fragment of megakaryocytes and facilitate blood clotting

A

platelets/thrombocytes

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23
Q

T/F formed elements vary percentages vary across species

A

T

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24
Q

Reticulocytes are what percent of RBC count

A

LESS THAN 1 PERCENT

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25
Q

Structure of erythrocytes

  • nucleated
  • organelles
  • shape
  • length
  • cell volume
A
  • Non nucleated in mammalian adults (nucleated in fetus)
  • Lack organelles (no protein synthesis/replacement of enzymes)
  • Disk shape/biconcave and highly deformable
  • 5-7microm long, 2micom at widest part
  • Hemoglobin 1/3 of cell volume (made during hemopoiesis)
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26
Q

Hemoglobin forms

A

When bound to O2=OXYHEMOGLOBIN

When bound to CO2=CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN

When bound to CO (high affinity)= CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (bad)

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27
Q

Fxn of gas exchange in RBC (4)

  • Shape
  • Hemoglobin binding
  • Enzyme
  • Deformability
A

1-Shape produces high SA:volume ratio for gas exchange (reason for non-nuc more room)
2-Hemoglobin binds to O2 and CO2
3-Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2–>HCO3 which is transported across RBC membrane by band 3 protein for exhalation by lung
4-Deformability allows passage through capillaries (lumen is smaller than RBC diamter)

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28
Q

Where are RBC when they conduct their fxn

A

Blood vessels

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29
Q

Life span of RBC

A

3 mo

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30
Q

RBC cell membrane

-Helps maintain shape of cell

A

-Transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton. Also stabilize cell against shearing forces of blood flow and allows deformability

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31
Q

Examples of cell mem proteins (3)

A

Na+/K+ ATPase (ion channel)
Band 3 protein (anchors and transports things)
Cytoskeletal proteins

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32
Q

Blood type dependent on

A

CH20 chains on CM that act as Ag

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33
Q

Blood type of dogs

-most popular

A

DEA 1.1+ or 1.1-

40% are +

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34
Q

Blood type of cats

A

A (95%)
B(LESS 5 PERCENT)
AB (RARE)

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35
Q

Specie with the most RBC

A

Goat (14 million)

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36
Q

Avg #RBC in species

A

5 million

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37
Q

Specie with smallest RBC

A

Goat (4.1 microm)

38
Q

Specie with longest RBC lifespan

-Shortest

A

Cow (160 days)

Cats (66-79 days)

39
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in size of RBC

40
Q

Crenation

A

Shrinkage of cells in a hypertonic soln causing irregular margins and a # of prickly points yielding a stellate shape (echinocyte)

41
Q

Erythrocytopenia

A

Decrease # of RBC in blood

42
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Increase RBC above normal and associated with increase in total blood volume

43
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of RBC w/release of hemoglobin into medium in which RBC are suspended

44
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

Small, round, densely staining bodies in RBC that are considered nuclear remnants

45
Q

Macrocyte

A

RBC having diameter exceeding normal range

46
Q

Microcyte

A

RBC having diameter below normal range

47
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

RBC with abnormal shapes

48
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Any non-nucleated cell of RBC series in which one or more granules or fibrils are discernible

49
Q

Target cell

A

RBC with a central rounded area of pigmented material surrounded by a clear zone w/o pigment and a dense ring of cytoplasm

50
Q

Leukocytes perform their fxn where

A

outside of blood vessel

In CT/paranchyma

51
Q

Structure off leukocytes

A

Single nucles and primary granules (lysosomes)

52
Q

Types of granules

A

Primary (non-specific/azurophilic/lysosomes)
Secondary (specific)
Teritary

53
Q

Granulocytes

  • Contain
  • Examples
A

Have specific granules (secondary)
Have primary granules (lysosomes)
Have segmented/lobed nucleus

PMN, Eosinophil, basophil

54
Q

Agranulocytes

  • Contain
  • Examples
A

Have primary granules (primary/lysosomes)

Lymphocyte, monocyte

55
Q

Trend with lymphocyte

–>exception

A

2:1 (PMN: Lymphocyte)

Exception: cows and sheep
1:2 (PMN:Lymphocyte)

56
Q

% in blood

  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
A
  • 8%
  • 1-7%
  • LESS THAN ONE PERCENT
57
Q

PMN

  • Granules
  • Nucleus
  • % in peripheral blood (variable) of WBC
  • Time circulating blood
  • Unique features
A
  • Specific granules that don’t stain well
  • Segmented nucleus (more lobed=older cell)
  • 30-60%
  • Few hrs
  • Few have drumstick chromosome. Females inactive X chromosome (Barr body)
58
Q

Fxn of PMN

A

Phagocytose/destroy bacteria (called microphage)
Goes to kill bacteria via chemotactic factors
Can release ROS

59
Q

PMN primary granules

A

Stir up an inflamm response

  • lysosomes
  • acid hydrolases
  • collagenase, elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G
  • defensins
60
Q

PMN secondary granules

A

Released into ECM

  • bacteriocidal: lactoferrin, lysozyme, phagocytin
  • Type IV collagenase (assists invasion into tissues)
  • Alkaline phosphatase
61
Q

Once PMN die after killing bacteria

A

Form pus

62
Q

Eosinophil

  • granules
  • nucleus
  • % in peripheral blood of WBC
  • Time in blood circulation
A
  • Specific granules vary in size depending on specie and stain pink (eosinophilic)
  • Segmented nucleus
  • 3-8%
  • Few hrs
63
Q

Fxn of eosinophil

A

Phagocytose and destroy parasites and Ag-AB complexes
Attracted to sites by histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors
Release substances to inactivate inflamm factors (histamine/leukotrienes) that were secreted by mast cells and basophils.

64
Q

Eosinophil primary granules AKA

A

Non-specific

-Lysosomes (contain hydrolases): destroy Ag/AB complexes and parasites

65
Q

Eosinophil secondary granules AKA

  • Released
  • Examples (4)

-What surrounds internum

A

Specific

  • Released in ECM
  • Crystalloid “internum”: contains major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein for destruction of parasites
  • Histaminase (inactivates histamine)
  • Arylsulfatase (inactivates leukotriene C)
  • Hydrolases (cathepsins, peroxidase, ribonuclease, phospholipase)

Externum

66
Q

Basophil secondary granules

  • Stains/size
  • nucleus
  • % in peripheral blood of leukocytes
  • Time in blood circulation
  • Cell surface receptors
A

-Stain dark blue/black equal intensity of nucleus
Granules vary in size among species
-Segmented nucleus and may be obstructed by granules
-

67
Q

Fxn of basophils

A

Initiation of allergic/inflamm rxn

Cell surface receptor IgE when bound to Ag stimulates degranulation and release of granules

68
Q

Basophils have similar fxn to what cell

A

Mast cell

69
Q

Basophil non-specific granules

A

Lysosomes- contain hydrolases

70
Q

Basophil secondary granules

  • release where
  • examples
A

-ECM

  • Histamine (increases vascular permeability, vasodilation, constriction of bronchioles, reduces blood volume, and can cause anaphylactic shock)
  • Heparin, TNFalpha, IL-4,5,6, leukotrienes, peroxidase
  • Chemotactic factors to attract eosinophils and PMN
71
Q

Monocyte AKA

  • Cell size
  • Nucleus
  • % in peripheral blood of WBC
  • Unique IDs
  • Stays in peripheral blood
  • Where to perform fxn
A

Agranulocye

  • Largest cell in peripheral blood (15-20 micrm)
  • Large indented kidney bean shaped, ascentric, chromatin “soap bubble”
  • 3-9%
  • Vacuoles (blue grey in cytoplasm), lysosomes
  • Few days
  • Enters CT and differentiates into MQ (which phagocytose)
72
Q

Fxn of monocyte/MQ

A
  • Phagocytosis (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
  • Cytokine production (mediates inflamm and tells other cells what to do)
  • Ag presentation (present via MHC-II)
  • Formation of Giatn MQ to phagocytose GIANT foreign material
73
Q

Effector cells of immunology

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

74
Q

Lymphcotes AKA

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • % in peripheral blood of WBC
A

Agranulocyte

  • Round, slightly indented nucleus that occupies most of cell
  • Scant cytoplasm stains light blue
  • 30-60%
75
Q

Subtypes of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocytes (20%)- differentiate to plasma cells for AB production (humoral immunity)
  • T lymphocytes (75%)-cell mediated immunity
  • Null cells (5%) hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) and natural killer cells (NK)
76
Q

Fxn of lymphocytes

A
  • B and T cell proliferation when Ag stimulated
  • ->Memory cells: respond to subsequent attack of particular substance
  • ->Effector cells: immediate immune response
    • B cells- transform to plasma cells to make AB
    • T cells-transform to cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells for cell mediated immunity
77
Q

Band

A

Immature granulocytic WBC that contains specific granules and an elongated nucleus that’s uniform in thickness w/parallel sides. Nucleus “C” or “S” shaped

78
Q

Granulocyte

A

Cells that contain specific granules

79
Q

Granulocytosis

A

Presence of increased numbers of granulocytes in blood

80
Q

Hemocytometer

A

Instrument for counting # of granulocytes in blood

81
Q

Leukemia

A

Neoplastic disease arising in hemopoietic tissue in which the type ells appear in blood or disseminated diffusely through the marrow

82
Q

Leukocytosis

A

An increase in # of circulating WBC above normal range

83
Q

Leukopenia

A

A decrease in # of circulating WBC below normal range

84
Q

Stab cell

A

Synonymous with band cell used in Schilling’s classification of PMN

85
Q

Platelets

  • nucleus
  • derived from
  • birds
  • fxn
A
  • non-nucleated
  • megakaryocyte (bone marrow)
  • thrombocytes fulfills fxn of platelet in bird
  • Initiates blood clotting to limit and prevent hemorrhage
86
Q

Platelets

  • Hyalomere
  • Granulomere
A
  • Outer (peripheral) band of homogenous cytoplasm. Contains MT and actin and myosin monomers
  • Central dark region that contains granules
87
Q

Fxn of platelets

A

When vascular endothelial lining is disrupted (bleeding) platelets initiate clotting by becoming ACTIVATED

  • ->adhere to subendothelial collagen
  • ->release granule contents
  • ->adhere to one another
88
Q

What do endothelial cells produce to prevent platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclins and NO2

89
Q

T/F during injury, production of platelet aggregation inhibitors cease

A

T

90
Q

How to make a blood smear

A
  • Make single, thin layer of blood determined by acute angle

- Stains:Wright stain (methylene blue and eosin)

91
Q

Typical formation of horse blood

A

Rouleaux formation “poker chip”

92
Q

Are Howell-Jolly bodies normal?

A

No

Pretty normal in cats (up to 1%)

Histology (14 decks)

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