Blood Flashcards
Blood is a specialized form of
CT that comprises ~10% body weight
Some major functions of blood
- Gas exchange (O2 carried by hemoglobin; CO2 carried by hemoglobin and plasma)
- Transport nutrients from GI tract to all cells
- Transport cellular waste products to organs for elimination
- Transport hormones, metabolites, electrolytes
- Cellular defense (immunity)
- Regulation of body temp
- Homeostasis of body fluid pH and osmotic pressure
What’s the composition of blood
Plasma (55%) and formed elements(45%)
Composition of plasma (in blood)
- Water (91%)
- Solutes (nutrients, wastes, blood gases, electrolytes, regulatory molecules)
- Proteins (albumin, fibrinogens, globulins, clotting factors)
Composition of formed elements (in blood)
AKA hematocrit
- Erythrocytes- 5x10^6/mm3
- Leukocytes-5-10x10^3/mm3
- Thrombocytes/platelets-150-200x10^3/mm3
From which embryonic germ layer is blood derived?
mesoderm
List plasma proteins
Albumin: 65% osmolarity and viscosity
Globulins: transport and storage proteins
–>Transferrins transports iron in blood
–>Ferritin stores iron in liver and marrow
Fibrinogens: clotting proteins
Liver is a source of what plasma proteins
Albumin Globulins (AB)*** Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)*** Complement proteins Plasma lipoproteins
Fxn of albumin
Maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports certain insoluble metabolites
Fxn of globulins
AB
Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins
Fxn of clotting proteins
Formation of fibrin threads
Fxn of C’ proteins
Destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammatino
Fxn of lipoproteins
Transport triglycerides to liver or from liver to body cells
Transport cholestrol from liver to body cells
Lymphocyes are a source for what plasma proteins
Globulins (AB)
Plasma vs Serum
-Which is acellular
Both
Plasma vs serum
-Which is from clotted blood
Serum (can collect w/o anticoagulant)
Need anticoagulant for plasma
Plasma vs serum
-Which has fibrinogen
Plasma
Plasma vs serum
-Collection tubes
Plasma- purple/green
Serum-red/blank
Anticoagulant for plasma
EDTA
Heparin
Formed element for gaseous exchange; maintain pH
erythrocytes
Formed element for cells of defense/immunity
leukocytes
Formed element thats fragment of megakaryocytes and facilitate blood clotting
platelets/thrombocytes
T/F formed elements vary percentages vary across species
T
Reticulocytes are what percent of RBC count
LESS THAN 1 PERCENT
Structure of erythrocytes
- nucleated
- organelles
- shape
- length
- cell volume
- Non nucleated in mammalian adults (nucleated in fetus)
- Lack organelles (no protein synthesis/replacement of enzymes)
- Disk shape/biconcave and highly deformable
- 5-7microm long, 2micom at widest part
- Hemoglobin 1/3 of cell volume (made during hemopoiesis)
Hemoglobin forms
When bound to O2=OXYHEMOGLOBIN
When bound to CO2=CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
When bound to CO (high affinity)= CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (bad)
Fxn of gas exchange in RBC (4)
- Shape
- Hemoglobin binding
- Enzyme
- Deformability
1-Shape produces high SA:volume ratio for gas exchange (reason for non-nuc more room)
2-Hemoglobin binds to O2 and CO2
3-Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2–>HCO3 which is transported across RBC membrane by band 3 protein for exhalation by lung
4-Deformability allows passage through capillaries (lumen is smaller than RBC diamter)
Where are RBC when they conduct their fxn
Blood vessels
Life span of RBC
3 mo
RBC cell membrane
-Helps maintain shape of cell
-Transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton. Also stabilize cell against shearing forces of blood flow and allows deformability
Examples of cell mem proteins (3)
Na+/K+ ATPase (ion channel)
Band 3 protein (anchors and transports things)
Cytoskeletal proteins
Blood type dependent on
CH20 chains on CM that act as Ag
Blood type of dogs
-most popular
DEA 1.1+ or 1.1-
40% are +
Blood type of cats
A (95%)
B(LESS 5 PERCENT)
AB (RARE)
Specie with the most RBC
Goat (14 million)
Avg #RBC in species
5 million
Specie with smallest RBC
Goat (4.1 microm)
Specie with longest RBC lifespan
-Shortest
Cow (160 days)
Cats (66-79 days)
Anisocytosis
Variation in size of RBC
Crenation
Shrinkage of cells in a hypertonic soln causing irregular margins and a # of prickly points yielding a stellate shape (echinocyte)
Erythrocytopenia
Decrease # of RBC in blood
Erythrocytosis
Increase RBC above normal and associated with increase in total blood volume
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBC w/release of hemoglobin into medium in which RBC are suspended
Howell-Jolly bodies
Small, round, densely staining bodies in RBC that are considered nuclear remnants
Macrocyte
RBC having diameter exceeding normal range
Microcyte
RBC having diameter below normal range
Poikilocytosis
RBC with abnormal shapes
Reticulocyte
Any non-nucleated cell of RBC series in which one or more granules or fibrils are discernible
Target cell
RBC with a central rounded area of pigmented material surrounded by a clear zone w/o pigment and a dense ring of cytoplasm
Leukocytes perform their fxn where
outside of blood vessel
In CT/paranchyma
Structure off leukocytes
Single nucles and primary granules (lysosomes)
Types of granules
Primary (non-specific/azurophilic/lysosomes)
Secondary (specific)
Teritary
Granulocytes
- Contain
- Examples
Have specific granules (secondary)
Have primary granules (lysosomes)
Have segmented/lobed nucleus
PMN, Eosinophil, basophil
Agranulocytes
- Contain
- Examples
Have primary granules (primary/lysosomes)
Lymphocyte, monocyte
Trend with lymphocyte
–>exception
2:1 (PMN: Lymphocyte)
Exception: cows and sheep
1:2 (PMN:Lymphocyte)
% in blood
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
- 8%
- 1-7%
- LESS THAN ONE PERCENT
PMN
- Granules
- Nucleus
- % in peripheral blood (variable) of WBC
- Time circulating blood
- Unique features
- Specific granules that don’t stain well
- Segmented nucleus (more lobed=older cell)
- 30-60%
- Few hrs
- Few have drumstick chromosome. Females inactive X chromosome (Barr body)
Fxn of PMN
Phagocytose/destroy bacteria (called microphage)
Goes to kill bacteria via chemotactic factors
Can release ROS
PMN primary granules
Stir up an inflamm response
- lysosomes
- acid hydrolases
- collagenase, elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G
- defensins
PMN secondary granules
Released into ECM
- bacteriocidal: lactoferrin, lysozyme, phagocytin
- Type IV collagenase (assists invasion into tissues)
- Alkaline phosphatase
Once PMN die after killing bacteria
Form pus
Eosinophil
- granules
- nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
- Time in blood circulation
- Specific granules vary in size depending on specie and stain pink (eosinophilic)
- Segmented nucleus
- 3-8%
- Few hrs
Fxn of eosinophil
Phagocytose and destroy parasites and Ag-AB complexes
Attracted to sites by histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors
Release substances to inactivate inflamm factors (histamine/leukotrienes) that were secreted by mast cells and basophils.
Eosinophil primary granules AKA
Non-specific
-Lysosomes (contain hydrolases): destroy Ag/AB complexes and parasites
Eosinophil secondary granules AKA
- Released
- Examples (4)
-What surrounds internum
Specific
- Released in ECM
- Crystalloid “internum”: contains major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein for destruction of parasites
- Histaminase (inactivates histamine)
- Arylsulfatase (inactivates leukotriene C)
- Hydrolases (cathepsins, peroxidase, ribonuclease, phospholipase)
Externum
Basophil secondary granules
- Stains/size
- nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of leukocytes
- Time in blood circulation
- Cell surface receptors
-Stain dark blue/black equal intensity of nucleus
Granules vary in size among species
-Segmented nucleus and may be obstructed by granules
-
Fxn of basophils
Initiation of allergic/inflamm rxn
Cell surface receptor IgE when bound to Ag stimulates degranulation and release of granules
Basophils have similar fxn to what cell
Mast cell
Basophil non-specific granules
Lysosomes- contain hydrolases
Basophil secondary granules
- release where
- examples
-ECM
- Histamine (increases vascular permeability, vasodilation, constriction of bronchioles, reduces blood volume, and can cause anaphylactic shock)
- Heparin, TNFalpha, IL-4,5,6, leukotrienes, peroxidase
- Chemotactic factors to attract eosinophils and PMN
Monocyte AKA
- Cell size
- Nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
- Unique IDs
- Stays in peripheral blood
- Where to perform fxn
Agranulocye
- Largest cell in peripheral blood (15-20 micrm)
- Large indented kidney bean shaped, ascentric, chromatin “soap bubble”
- 3-9%
- Vacuoles (blue grey in cytoplasm), lysosomes
- Few days
- Enters CT and differentiates into MQ (which phagocytose)
Fxn of monocyte/MQ
- Phagocytosis (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
- Cytokine production (mediates inflamm and tells other cells what to do)
- Ag presentation (present via MHC-II)
- Formation of Giatn MQ to phagocytose GIANT foreign material
Effector cells of immunology
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Lymphcotes AKA
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
Agranulocyte
- Round, slightly indented nucleus that occupies most of cell
- Scant cytoplasm stains light blue
- 30-60%
Subtypes of lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes (20%)- differentiate to plasma cells for AB production (humoral immunity)
- T lymphocytes (75%)-cell mediated immunity
- Null cells (5%) hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) and natural killer cells (NK)
Fxn of lymphocytes
- B and T cell proliferation when Ag stimulated
- ->Memory cells: respond to subsequent attack of particular substance
- ->Effector cells: immediate immune response
- B cells- transform to plasma cells to make AB
- T cells-transform to cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells for cell mediated immunity
Band
Immature granulocytic WBC that contains specific granules and an elongated nucleus that’s uniform in thickness w/parallel sides. Nucleus “C” or “S” shaped
Granulocyte
Cells that contain specific granules
Granulocytosis
Presence of increased numbers of granulocytes in blood
Hemocytometer
Instrument for counting # of granulocytes in blood
Leukemia
Neoplastic disease arising in hemopoietic tissue in which the type ells appear in blood or disseminated diffusely through the marrow
Leukocytosis
An increase in # of circulating WBC above normal range
Leukopenia
A decrease in # of circulating WBC below normal range
Stab cell
Synonymous with band cell used in Schilling’s classification of PMN
Platelets
- nucleus
- derived from
- birds
- fxn
- non-nucleated
- megakaryocyte (bone marrow)
- thrombocytes fulfills fxn of platelet in bird
- Initiates blood clotting to limit and prevent hemorrhage
Platelets
- Hyalomere
- Granulomere
- Outer (peripheral) band of homogenous cytoplasm. Contains MT and actin and myosin monomers
- Central dark region that contains granules
Fxn of platelets
When vascular endothelial lining is disrupted (bleeding) platelets initiate clotting by becoming ACTIVATED
- ->adhere to subendothelial collagen
- ->release granule contents
- ->adhere to one another
What do endothelial cells produce to prevent platelet aggregation
Prostacyclins and NO2
T/F during injury, production of platelet aggregation inhibitors cease
T
How to make a blood smear
- Make single, thin layer of blood determined by acute angle
- Stains:Wright stain (methylene blue and eosin)
Typical formation of horse blood
Rouleaux formation “poker chip”
Are Howell-Jolly bodies normal?
No
Pretty normal in cats (up to 1%)
