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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Lamina lucida

A

Has adhesion molecules: integrins and laminin

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2
Q

Lamina densa

A

Has type IV collagen and fibronectin

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3
Q

Basal lamina

A

Lamina lucida + lamina densa
Acts as a filtration system and attachment point
Made primarily by epithelial cells

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4
Q

Lamina reticularis

A

Made by fibroblasts
Type III collagen=reticular fibers
Type IV and VII collagen=anchoring proteins

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5
Q

Basement membrane

A

Lamina Reticularis + Basal Lamina

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6
Q

Tendons you can find

A

DRCT made of type I collagen

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7
Q

What makes collagen?

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

How to best ID fibroblasts in DRCT in tendon

A

Oval/flattened shaped nuclei in boxcar effect

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9
Q

Type of stain used for elastic membranes?

A

Weigert’s resorcin fuschsin stain

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10
Q

Most abundant cell in connective tissue

A

fibroblast

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11
Q

DICT primary components

A

fibroblasts and collagen type I

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue is able to

A

Support tissue and provide space in ECM for occupancy of cells and passage of fluid or transport tissues

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13
Q

Which CT contains fewer fibers and more interfiber space

A

Loose CT

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14
Q

Fibroblasts are derived from

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

Connective tissue is derived from

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

T/F The supporting role of the stroma is usually but not always fulfilled by CT

A

True

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17
Q

Functions of CT (5)

A 
Structural support
Medium for nutrient waste exchange
Defense/Proection of body (physical & mediated actions)
Energy storage
Repair after injusry
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18
Q

Classification of CT (2)

A

Ordinary CT

Special CT

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19
Q

Types of special CT

A

adipose
blood
cartilage
bone

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20
Q

What is CT primarily made of?

A

ECM and cells

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21
Q

Categories of cells in CT

A

Fixed and transient cells

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22
Q

Components of ECM in CT

A

ECM=intercellular substance between and around cells

  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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23
Q

Fibers in CT are

A

Formed elements that resist tensile forces

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24
Q

Ground substance in CT are

A

AKA amorphous material

Resist compressive forces

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25
Q

Types of fibers in ECM

A

Collagen fiber
Reticular fiber
Elastic fiber

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26
Q

Collagen fibers

A

A part of ECM
Most abundant protein in body
Most abundant formed element (fiber) n body
White gross color

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27
Q

Example of collagen fiber

A

Tendons

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28
Q

How to make collagen fibers

A

Transcription–>Translation

After translation, preprocollagen molecule is made that’s made of a polypeptide alpha chain with Gly, Pro, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine.

3 preprocollagen molecules will align with each other and assemble to form a tight helical structure called PROCOLLAGEN molecule

Procollagen looks like tightly wound rope with frayed ends. Each propetide allows procollagen molecule to be solube and prevents spontaneous aggregation into collagen fibers within the cell

When the procollagen is about to be secreted, the terminal protein is removed via PROCOLLAGEN PEPTIDASE. And yields TROPOCOLLAGEN

Tropocollagen polymerizes in ECM to form FIBRILS

FIBRILS polymerize to form COLLAGEN FIBERS

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29
Q

Overview of collagen synthesis

A

preprocollagen–> 3 preprocollagen–>procollagen–>tropocollagen–>fibrils–>collagen fiber

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30
Q

What removes terminal protein of procollagen

A

Procollagen peptidase

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31
Q

T/F Collagen fibers have great tensile strength

A

true

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32
Q

Hoe many types of collagen are there

A

28

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33
Q

Do collagen fibers have a long half life?

A

Yes-very stable

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34
Q

Type I collagen synthesizing cells

A

fibroblast, osteoblast, odontoblast, cementoblast

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35
Q

Type I collagen function

A

Resist tension

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36
Q

Type I collagen location in body

A

dermis, tendon, ligament, capsules of organs, bone, dentin, cementum

MOST COMMON

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37
Q

Type II collagen synthesizing cells

A

chonrdroblasts

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38
Q

Type II collagen function

A

resists pressure

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39
Q

Type II collagen location in body

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

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40
Q

Type III synethsizing cells

A

fibroblasts, reticular cell, smooth muscle cell, hepatocyte

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41
Q

Type III function

A

Forms structural framework of spleen, liver, LN, SM, and adipose tissue

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42
Q

Type III location in body

A

Lymphatic system, spleen, liver, cardiovascular system, lung, skin

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43
Q

Type IV synthesizing cell

A

Epithelial cell, muscle cell, Schwann cell

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44
Q

Type IV functinon

A

Forms meshwork of lamina densa of basal lamina to provide support and filtration

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45
Q

Type IV location in body

A

basal lamina

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46
Q

Type VII synthezising cells

A

epidermal ells

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47
Q

Type VII function

A

Forms anchoring fibrils that fasten lamina densa to underlying laminsareticularis

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48
Q

Type VII location

A

Junction of epidermis and dermis

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49
Q

Type III collagen AKA

A

reticular fibers

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50
Q

T/F reticular fibers branch into delicate tiny networks

A

True

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51
Q

What prevents reticular fibers from becoming large

A

glycoprotein coat

52
Q

Oritenatin of reticular fibers allows what?

A

Abundant space allows bone marrow and lymph nodes and cells and fluids to go through

53
Q

T/F reticular fibers are components of attachment

A

TRUE

See in basement membranes and external lamina

54
Q

Reticular fibers are referred to as

A

Argyrophilic (silver)

55
Q

A difference between elastic fibers and collagen

A

Elastic fibers can deform when stretched and return to original shape and can branch

56
Q

Color of elastic fiber

A

Yellow-can see in nuchal ligament

57
Q

Elastic fibers are made of

A

Elastin which is rich in Gly, Lys, Ala, Val, Pro, but NOT HYDROXYLYSINE

58
Q

Explain orientation of elastin chains

A

They’re held together by four Lys molecules of diff elastin chains form covalent bonds with each other and form desmosine crosslinks.

59
Q

Dsmosine crosslinks

A

Found in elastic fibers. Are highly deformable and impart high degree of elasticity.

60
Q

Elasin molecules are surrounded by

A

Microfibrils which are made of glycoprotein=fibrillin. Myofibirls help form elastic fibers

61
Q

Formation of elastic fibers

A

Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells secrete molecular subunits to make fibrillin microfibrils.

Elastin is deposited on scaffold of microfibrils and amorphous growing structure forms

Elastin accumulates and occupies most of the electron dense center of the single elastic fiber. Fibrillin microfibrils remain at fiber surface.

62
Q

T/F elastin resists digestion by most proteases

A

T

63
Q

What is elastin hydrolyzed by

A

Pancreatic elastase

64
Q

Unlike collagen, elastin can form

A

“sheet” AKA elastic membrane or elastic lamina

65
Q

Elastic membranes are prominent where

A

Arteries

66
Q

Elastic membranes can be formed by?

A

CT cells (fibroblasts) and smooth mucles cells

67
Q

What is ground substance made of

A

complex sugars: GAGs, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins

68
Q

Purpose of ground substance

A

Fills space between cells and fibers in CT and serves as lubricant and barrier to penetration of invaders

69
Q

GAGs

A
  • Long chains of repeating disaccharides (unbranched and (-) charge)
  • Amino sugar is one repeating subunit. Sugars have (-) charge making it polar molecule and attracting water and forms HYDRATED GEL WHICH RESISTS COMPRESSION.

GAGs come close together, (-) repel them and reslts in slippery texture to resist compression

Act as diffusion barrier

70
Q

What allows GAG to resist compression?

A

(-) charges

71
Q

Proteoglycan orientation

A

Like a test tube brush

Core protein is handle that allows GAGs to attach covalently (the bristles) Adhesion moecules attach proteoglycan to something like hyaluranic acid.

72
Q

Proteoglycan charge and function

A

Negative

Allows water attraction and repulsion of other preotglycans which forms hydrated gel and acts as diffusion barrier

73
Q

Aggrecan found where

A

Proteoglycan macromoleucle in cartilage and CTP that contains GAGs and hyaluronic acid.

74
Q

Purpose of aggrecan

A

Massive molecule responsible for gel state of ECM and acts as barrier to diffusion

75
Q

How bacteria combat ECM

A

Secrete hyaluronidase which cleaves hyaluronic acid into fragments and gets ride of gel state of ECM. This allows for rapid spread of bacteria.

76
Q

Glycoproteins makeup

A

Non-filamentous cell adhesion molecules that have binding sites for ECM components and integrin moleules of CM that facilitate attachment of cells to ECM

77
Q

Glycoprotein purpose

A

Mediates interactions between cells
1-permanent=integrins (adhesion molecules), growth factors
2-Transient=Ilk, GF, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, hormones, plasma proteins, chemokines

78
Q

Examples of glycoproteins

A

laminin and fibronectin

79
Q

Laminin found

A

Basal lamina and external laminae

80
Q

Fibronectin found

A

throughout ECM

81
Q

Purpose of laminin and fibronectin

A

Help bind molecules to ECM and help with cell migration and maintaining tissue structure

82
Q

Types of ordinary CT

A

DRCT/DICT

Loose CT

Reticular CT

83
Q

DRCT made of and find in and good for

A

Collagen or elastic

Tendons, laigaments, cornea

Good for linear tensile strength

84
Q

Primary producer of collagen

A

Fibroblast

85
Q

DICT made of found in and good for

A

Collagen or elastic

Dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum

Can be pulled in all directions

86
Q

Loose CT AKA found in

A

Areolar CT

Superficial fascia, lamina propria of intestine

87
Q

Reticular CT found in/special ID

A

Internal frameowkr of spleen and LN, basement membranes

Has high affinity for silver

88
Q

Ehlers Danlos type VI disorder

A

Faulty lysine hydroxylation–>increased skin elasticity, rupture of eyeball

89
Q

Scurvy disorder

A

lack of vitamin C, a required cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase–>ulceration of gums hemmorhages

90
Q

CT fixed cells (7)

A 
fibroblast
fibrocyte
pericyte
adipocyte
Mast cells
Macrophages
Myofibrocytes
91
Q

CT transient cells (7)

A 
Plasma cells
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Basophils
Monocytes
92
Q

Fixed cell defintion

A

Resident population of cells that developed and remain in place within the CT where they perform their function

These cells are stable and long-lived

93
Q

Fibroblast
fixed or transient
most numerous where
produces

A

Fixed

Most numerous in CT

Produces/maintains ECM (makes fibers and most components of ground substance)

94
Q

Fibroblast

  • nucleus
  • shape
  • cytoplasm
A
  • open faced (euchromatin)
  • Spindle/fusiform shaped
  • Cytoplasm not normally apparent but is visible in healing wounds due to amplified synethesis of proteins for ECM
95
Q

When can you see cytoplasm of fibroblast

A

In tendon where there’s basophilic streaming

Damaged tissue needing repair

96
Q

Myofibroblasts

  • modified
  • found where
A

Modified fibroblasts that are similar to fibrob;asts and smooth muscle cells

Found in areaus undergoing wound healing

97
Q

How do myofibroblast help? How is it similar to fibroblast and smooth muscle

A

Speed wound healing by contracting the edges of wounds

Like muscle=contract with actin/myosin complex

like fibroblast=capable of creating ECM (type 1 and 3 collagen)

98
Q

How is myofibroblast diff from muscle

A

Lack external lamina (basal lamina)

99
Q 
Pericytes 
AKA
fixed?
found where
what kind of cell
cytoplasm
A

Rouget or mural cells

Fixed

In walls of capillaries and venules

is an immature mesenchymal cell

cytoplasm has actin and myosin

100
Q

Multipotential of pericytes

A

Can differintiate into other types of cells (myofibroblasts, SM cell, endothelial cell)

101
Q

Pericytes function

A

Help with blood-brain barrier stability and angiogensis

Helps with blood flow regulating in microvasculature

102
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Caused by damaging pericytes in retinal vessels

103
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

See increased number of pericytes in brain

104
Q

Tumor vasculature

A

If tumor is weak and disorganized its partially due to inability of it to recruit pericytes.

105
Q

Where to find pericytes? How do they respond?

A

Line small vascular vessels and respond to stimulation by constricting

106
Q

What are pericytes very sensitive to?

A

Ischemia. When they die they constrict and stay constricted

107
Q

Adipocytes
fixed?
Purpose
types

A

Fixed

store fat

Unilocular adipocyte and multiclocular adipocyte

108
Q 
Unilocular adipocyte
ID
fxn
prominent 
metabolism
controlled by
how are they held together
A

Single large fat drop;et

E storage

Prominent smooth ER

Lipid metabolism

Under influence:insulin, corticosteroids, growth hormone, noepinephrine

External lamina holds cells together

109
Q

Unilocular adipocyte AKA

Make

A

Endocrine tissue

Make leptin, adiponectin, adipokines, estrogen

110
Q

Multilocular adipocyte
AKA
ID
FXN

A

Brown fat cell

Multiple small fat cell droplets and lots of mito (see uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation)

Heat production ( E released as heat) see in neonatal and hibernating animals

111
Q

Mast cells
Fixed?
Found
Most prominent in

A

Yes

See in CT of organs associated with body orifices, skin, and serous membranes

Prominent in LCT and blood vessels

112
Q

Mast cells
mediate
Membrane receptor

A

Mediates anaphylactic shock (immediate hypersensitivity rxn)

IgE= stimulates degranulation

113
Q

Primary mediators of Mast cells during degranulation (4)

A

Chondroitin sulfate
histamine
Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)
Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)

114
Q

Secondary mediators of mast cells during degranulation (2)

A

prostaglandin
Leukotrienes

Same as histamine but 10x more powerful

115
Q

ECF and NCF

A

Eosinophils limit magnitude of inflamm by mast cells by inactivating inflamm mediators like histamine and leukotrienes

116
Q

Mastocytomas

A

Mast cell tumors

117
Q

Mast cell tumors

A

Most common cutaneous tumors in trunks of :boxers, boston terriers, lab rets, beagles, schnauzers

Can effect HR, BP

Rx:surgery, chemo, antihistamines, tyrosinase kinase inhibitor

118
Q 
Leukocytes
fixed
include (5)
Movement
Origin
A

Transeient

PMN, Eosinophils, monocyte, lymphocyte, basophil

Circulate in peripheral blood and enter CT to perform special fxn

Bone marrow

119
Q

Leukocytes are classfied as (2)

A

Granulocyte

Agranulocyte

120
Q

Granulocytes
Contain
Lobes

A

Eosinophil
PMN
Basophil

Contain specific granules and primary granules

Lobed/segmented nucleus

121
Q

Agranulocytes

Contain

A

Lymphocyte
Monocyte

Lack specific granules

Contain primary granules

122
Q 
Lymphocyte
Granulocyte?
Mediates
ID
Fxn
Where
A

Agranulocyte

Mediators of specific types of immune response

Small cells with round nuclei and minimal cytoplasm

Scouts and weapons

Throughout msot CT but especially common in lamina propria (CT of mucous mem), splee, thymus, LN, peyer’s patches of ileum, tonsils.

123
Q 
MQ
Granulocyte?
Origin
Abundant
ID
Fxn
A

Agranulocyte

Origin=monocytes. Once mono leaves blood it becomes MQ

Abundant lyosomes

variable morphology, “kidney bean” nucleus or oval eccentric open face nucleus

Phagocytosis, secretes cytokines, Ag presentation

124
Q

Eosinophils
Granulocyte?
ID
Fxn

A

Yes

Granules stain intensely eosinophilic, Same size as neutrophils with band/elongated nucleus. Acidophilic cytoplasmic granules=lysosomes

Phagocytosis and destroys parasits (IgE) and limits inflammation initated by mast cells by neutralizing histamine and inhibiting mas cell degranulation via Eosinophil inhibitor factor

125
Q

Neutrophil
Granulocyte?
ID
fxn

A

Yes

Most numerous leukocyte. Cytoplasmic granules are present (lysosomes) but don’t stain.

Acute phagocytosis of BACTERIA and creates pus. Also secretes inflam mediators and enzymes

126
Q

Basophil
Granulocyte?
ID

A

Yes

Have large cytoplasmic granules that norm obscure 2 lobed nucleus. Stores histamine.

127
Q 
Plasma cell
AKA
Derived from
Make
Abundant
A

Plasma B cells, plasmocytes, effector B cells

From B lymphocytes

Make Ab

Abundant in RER

Histology (14 decks)

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