Respiratory Foundations 1

Question 1

Upper Respiratory System

Answer 1

Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx

Question 2

Lower Respiratory System

Answer 2

Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Smaller Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

Question 3

Respiratory System Function

Answer 3

1. Gas exchange
2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH (CO2)
3. Conditioning Inspired Air
4. Protection (filtering/clearing foreign particles)
5. Vocalization

Question 4

pH affect Equation

Answer 4

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

H2CO3 = carbonic anhydrase (weak acid that dissociates)

• increased carbon dioxide leads to an increased internal acidity

Question 5

External Respiration Steps

Answer 5

1. Atmosphere to lung
2. Lung to blood
3. Transport of gases in blood
4. blood to cells (cellular respiration occurs here)

Question 6

Thoracic Cavity Pressure Gradient

Answer 6

expansion/contraction of the thoracic cavity creates a pressure gradient for air to move accordingly

Question 7

Ventilation Muscles at rest

Answer 7

1. External Intercostals
2. Diaphragm

Question 8

Forced Inspiration Muscles

Answer 8

1. Sternocledio mastoids
2. scalenes

Question 9

Forced Expiration Muscles

Answer 9

1. Internal intercostals
2. abdominal muscles

Question 10

Pleural Membranes

Answer 10

• fluid filled balloon that wraps around the lungs, sticks to the lungs and the thoracic cage
• made up of secretory epithelial cells

1. Visceral = against the lung
2. Parietal = against the thoracic cage

Question 11

Airways Role

Answer 11

1. filter our foregin substances
2. warm air to body temperature
3. add water vapour

Question 12

Cartilage effect on airways

Answer 12

• trachia/bronchi have cartilage and are unable to change diameter
• bronchioles have no cartilage and are able to change diameter due to neural/hormonal/paracrine effects

Question 13

Site of Gas exchange

Answer 13

Alveoli

Question 14

ANS effect on bronchiole radius

Answer 14

SNS - bronchodilate
PSNS - bronchoconstrict

Question 15

Ciliated Epithelium of the respiratory tract

Answer 15

• cilia move the mucus layer towards the pharynx, removing pathogens
• Mucus layer traps particles
• watery saline allows cilia to push towards the pharynx
• Goblet cells secrete mucus

Question 16

X-Sectional Area affect on resistance

Answer 16

trachea has smallest x-sectional area, therefor largest resistance
bronchioles has largest x-sectional area, therefor smallest resistance

Question 17

Modulation of Bronchiolar Radius: increased CO2

Answer 17

• paracrine response that causes broncodilation

Question 18

Modulation of Bronchiolar Radius: SNS

Answer 18

NE & E bind to Beta2 adrenergic receptors
- increased blood to skeletal muscles
- decreased blood to GI Tract
- causes the relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle
-Gs pathway

Question 19

Modulation of Bronchiolar Radius: Histamine

Answer 19

paracrine response causing bronchoconstriction

Question 20

Modulation of Bronchiolar Radius: PSNS

Answer 20

ACh binds to M3 muscarinic receptors causing the constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle
-Gq pathway

Question 21

Alveoli Cell Type

Answer 21

secretory epithelial cells

Question 22

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

Answer 22

• gas exchange
• 95% of SA

Question 23

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

Answer 23

• make and secrete surfactant