Constituents of Blood

Question 1

Blood Overview

Answer 1

Blood is a type of connective tissue made up of
- watery ECM
- cellular elements

Question 2

Bloods Cellular Elements

Answer 2

1. RBC - gas transport
2. WBC - immune function
3. Platelets - clotting/hemostasis

Question 3

Blood Components by Centrifuge

Answer 3

Top layer - 58% plasma volume
Middle layer - <1% WBC
Lower layer - 42% RBC volume

Question 4

Hematopoeisis

Answer 4

synthesis of blood cells
- occurs in the bone marrow of the pelvis/spine/ribs/cranium/long bones

Question 5

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 5

partially but not permenently differentiated stem cells

Question 6

Erythrocytes

Answer 6

are RBC’s

Question 7

Megakaryocyte’s

Answer 7

give rise to plateletss

Question 8

Types of WBC’s

Answer 8

1. neutrophil
2. monocyte
3. basophil
4. eosinophil
5. lymphocyte

Question 9

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 9

sensed and produced at the kidney cells, acts on cells in bone marrow to grow more RBC

Question 10

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Answer 10

sensed and produced at the liver, acts on cells in bone marrow to grow more megakaryocytes (which give rise to platelets)

Question 11

Hemoglobin

Answer 11

• contains 4 heme groups
• each heme group contains a porphryin ring with an iron atom in the center, allows for 4 Oxygens to cooperatively bind

Question 12

Anemia

Answer 12

low RBC count due to
1. accelerated RBC loss
2. decreased RBC production

Question 13

Accelerated RBC loss causes

Answer 13

• blood loss
• hemolytic anemia (RBC desctruction) which can be genetic (sickle cell) or acquired (malaria)

Question 14

Decreased RBC production

Answer 14

• aplastic anemia (drugs/radiation)
• dietary insufficiencies (iron/b12/folic acid deficiency)

Question 15

Hemostasis & Tissue Repair Steps

Answer 15

1. vasoconstriction
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
4. dissolution of clot

Question 16

Intrinsic Pathway

Answer 16

exposure of collagen starts the pathway, activating a series of factors as a checking process to prevent uneeded occlusions, ultimately we activate FACTOR 10
- prothrombin converted into thrombin
- thrombin activates fibrinogen which turns into fibrin
- fibrin becomes cross linked through RBC collection
- clot breakdown through plasmin

Question 17

Extrinsic Pathway

Answer 17

• Tissue factor leaks into the vessel from the ruptured wall
• activates a number of factors, ultimately FACTOR 10
• prothrombin converted into thrombin
• thrombin activates fibrinogen which turns into fibrin
• fibrin becomes cross linked through RBC collection
• clot breakdown through plasmin

Question 18

Fibrinolysis

Answer 18

clot dissolves due to the actions of enzyme plasmin

Question 19

Blood Types: O

Answer 19

does not have any antigens, but produces A & B antibodies
- universal donor
- only recieves O

Question 20

Blood Type A

Answer 20

has A antigens, but produces B antibodies
- can be given to A and AB because they dont have A-antibodies
- recieves O and A

Question 21

Blood Type B

Answer 21

has B antigens, but produces A antibodies
- can be given to B and AB because they dont produce B-antibodies
- recieves O and B

Question 22

Blood Type AB

Answer 22

has A & B antigens, but does not produce any antibodies
- can only be given to AB
- universal recipient

Question 23

Rhesus (Rh)

Answer 23

+ means you carry the Rh antigen
- means you dont carry the Rh antigen