Respiratory diseases Flashcards
What organs are included in the upper respiratory system?`
Eyes, mouth, nose, oro,naso, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea
What organs are included in the lower respiratory system?
Bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
What is the mode of transmission for the respiratory system?
Inhalation through mouth or nose, or pathogenic contact w/ mucous membranes in the eyes and ears.
Who is Rebecca Lancefield and what did she do?
She discovered the M protein in Strep. pyogenes and demonstrated that streptococci can be classified by cell wall carbohydrates
Name a few diseases or infections that are specific to the lower and upper respiratory tract respectively.
Upper: Common colds, flu
Lower: Pneumonia, TB
What bacteria are the main culperates in respiratory infections?
What are some of the functions of the respiratory System?
Gas exchange, produce sound, odor detection
Infections in what portion of the respiratory system are usually serious or lethal?
Lower respiratory system infections are more fatal as they can damage respiratory tissue.
What is the proper name for Pink-Eye and what microbe causes it?
Conjunctivitis and it is caused by haemophilus influenzae and/or Strep. pneumoniae.
Causes inflammation, pus formation, eyelid swelling, amd redness
Otitis Media is what in layman’s terms and is caused by what bacteria?
Severe earache that is also caused by either haemophilus influenzae or Strep. pneumoniae
Causes severe pain in the ear canal sometimes enough to cause emesis
What are the 3 types of Pneumonia and the two ways they can be acquired?
Pneumonia can be viral, bacterial, and fungal. Can be acquired from pers
What is difference between Strep Groups A, B, D?
What is strep throat and its symptoms?
Strep throat is an inflammation of the throat that causes fever diff. swallowing pus formation and petechiae.
Its caused by a Group A strep: Strep pyogenes.
Infects humans only via respiratory droplets or contaminated food.
Pertussis
Also called whooping cough and is prevented by vaccination. Has 3 stages: Catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membrane), Paroxysmal (Repeated/sudden attacks), and Convalescent (recovery)
Caused by Bordetella pertussis that is inhaled and has 3 exotoxins
Sensitive to sunlight
Path: Increased mucus production and decreased ciliary movement. Collapsed bronchioles. Secondary infection of pneumonia is usually fatal.
Strep Agalactiae
What group are flesh eating bacteria grouped into?
Group A
Why is Strep pyogenes cell wall unique?
The cell wall has M-proteins in it. This allows for the bacteria to adhere well to the host cells. This protein also allows the bacteria to avoid phagocytosis
What is the virulence factor of Strep Pyogenes?
The virulence factor is the M-protein in the cell wall.
Name three sequelae that results as a result of prolonged infection of Staph p.
Acute rheumatic fever, Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis,
Which is more serious, a viral or bacterial infection?
Bacterial infections tend to be more serious, especially in the lower respiratory tract. Viral infections tend to clear on their own
How many different types of cold viruses are there?
There are over 100 different strains of the cold virus.
What is the correct name for a cold virus?
Can be caused by either a rhinovirus (causes ~ 30-50% of colds) or a picornavirus (an RNA virus)
Give the ideal conditions for cold virus proliferation.
Slightly acidic pH, and abt 33 degrees celsius
Why are the older generations not as susceptible to the cold virus?
They are not as susceptible because they most likely have been exposed to all of the most common types of the virus and have created the antibodies against them.
Describe the pathogenesis of the rhinovirus.
Attach to and infect epithelial cells in the upper Resp. This disrupts the movement of the cilia and kills the cells.
Triggers cytokine release and increases tissue swelling, secretion
Why is not suggested to treat a cold and why are there no vaccines for it?
Treating a cold can reduce symptoms, but may prolong the duration of the virus.
Vaccines cannot be formed due to the large variety of strains.
How does the rhinovirus infect and how can spread be prevented?
*Has a low infectious dose. Airborne contact w/ mucus membranes in eyes, nose, and mouth.
*Can be prevented by washing hands and wearing a mask.
Adenovirus
*Causes the Flu.
*Usually characterized by fevers but will also cause runny nose, sore throat, and pus in the pharynx and the tonsils. CP and severe cough not uncommon.
*Transferred from humans to humans through droplets or infected items
*There is no treatment and will self resolve, but can be severe in the immunocompromised person.
Where does pneumonia attack and cause the most damage?
Primary the lower respiratory tract and infects and can destroy tissue in the alveoli. This in turn will diminish respiratory capacity. Can be hospital acquired or community acquired.
What is the microbe that causes bacterial pneumonia, and how does it cause harm?
*Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. virulence is caused by thick capsule.
*S+S: Fever, severe CP, tachypnea, rust colored sputum, cough
*Path: block phagocytosis and release a toxin that destroys cilia. Causes increased mucus in lungs that can block alveoli. Can cause endocarditis and meningitis if untreated.
*Can be cured w/ antibiotics and prevented w/ new vaccines
Klebsiella pneumonia: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose/typical pop.
A: Klebsiella pneumoniae
B: Forms large mucoid colonies and is native to the stomach.
C: Capsule interferes w/ phagocytosis
D: Cough, chills, SOB, fever, CP, cyanosis. Will causes abscesses that cause tissue death and diminished lung capacity.
E: Infects the young, the old, and the immunocompromised.
Mycoplasma pneumonia: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose.
A: aka walking pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae
B: Colonies look like fried eggs in agar.
C: Interfere w/ ciliary action and cause the cells to slough off and die. Causes inflammation in infected areas
D: sore throat, chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue
E: low infectious dose. Infects college kids and children
Tuberculosis: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, testing results, treatment
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B: Usually identified w/ skin test and further testing
C: Cell wall contains mycolic acid that make it hard for macrophages to ingest.
D: Slight fever, weight loss, diaphoresis, persistent cough, blood sputum
E: Low infectious dose. Only 10 needed
Legionnaires’ Disease: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, treatment
A: Legionella pneumophila
B: Seen in large biofilms usually in stagnant water. Live inside of protozoa
C: Prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion. (lethal in the elderly)
D: Headache, fever, muscle ache, confusion, tremors/chills
E:unknown
F: Antibiotics and O2 therapy.
Influenza: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, treatment.
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
Antigenic drift v Antigenic Shift
Antigenic drift= minor mutations in HA/NA genes. Causes seasonal flu
Antigenic shift= mixture of RNA segments to form new virus. Causes pandemic influenza
RSV
Fungal infections and the Lower respiratory tract
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis: Causative agent
