Respiratory diseases

Question 1

What organs are included in the upper respiratory system?`

Answer 1

Eyes, mouth, nose, oro,naso, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea

Question 2

What organs are included in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 2

Bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Question 3

What is the mode of transmission for the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Inhalation through mouth or nose, or pathogenic contact w/ mucous membranes in the eyes and ears.

Question 4

Who is Rebecca Lancefield and what did she do?

Answer 4

She discovered the M protein in Strep. pyogenes and demonstrated that streptococci can be classified by cell wall carbohydrates

Question 5

Name a few diseases or infections that are specific to the lower and upper respiratory tract respectively.

Answer 5

Upper: Common colds, flu
Lower: Pneumonia, TB

Question 6

What bacteria are the main culperates in respiratory infections?

Question 7

What are some of the functions of the respiratory System?

Answer 7

Gas exchange, produce sound, odor detection

Question 8

Infections in what portion of the respiratory system are usually serious or lethal?

Answer 8

Lower respiratory system infections are more fatal as they can damage respiratory tissue.

Question 9

What is the proper name for Pink-Eye and what microbe causes it?

Answer 9

Conjunctivitis and it is caused by haemophilus influenzae and/or Strep. pneumoniae.
Causes inflammation, pus formation, eyelid swelling, amd redness

Question 10

Otitis Media is what in layman’s terms and is caused by what bacteria?

Answer 10

Severe earache that is also caused by either haemophilus influenzae or Strep. pneumoniae
Causes severe pain in the ear canal sometimes enough to cause emesis

Question 11

What are the 3 types of Pneumonia and the two ways they can be acquired?

Answer 11

Pneumonia can be viral, bacterial, and fungal. Can be acquired from pers

Question 12

What is difference between Strep Groups A, B, D?

Question 13

What is strep throat and its symptoms?

Answer 13

Strep throat is an inflammation of the throat that causes fever diff. swallowing pus formation and petechiae.
Its caused by a Group A strep: Strep pyogenes.
Infects humans only via respiratory droplets or contaminated food.

Question 14

Pertussis

Answer 14

Also called whooping cough and is prevented by vaccination. Has 3 stages: Catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membrane), Paroxysmal (Repeated/sudden attacks), and Convalescent (recovery)
Caused by Bordetella pertussis that is inhaled and has 3 exotoxins
Sensitive to sunlight
Path: Increased mucus production and decreased ciliary movement. Collapsed bronchioles. Secondary infection of pneumonia is usually fatal.

Question 15

Strep Agalactiae

Question 16

What group are flesh eating bacteria grouped into?

Answer 16

Group A

Question 17

Why is Strep pyogenes cell wall unique?

Answer 17

The cell wall has M-proteins in it. This allows for the bacteria to adhere well to the host cells. This protein also allows the bacteria to avoid phagocytosis

Question 18

What is the virulence factor of Strep Pyogenes?

Answer 18

The virulence factor is the M-protein in the cell wall.

Question 19

Name three sequelae that results as a result of prolonged infection of Staph p.

Answer 19

Acute rheumatic fever, Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis,

Question 20

Which is more serious, a viral or bacterial infection?

Answer 20

Bacterial infections tend to be more serious, especially in the lower respiratory tract. Viral infections tend to clear on their own

Question 21

How many different types of cold viruses are there?

Answer 21

There are over 100 different strains of the cold virus.

Question 22

What is the correct name for a cold virus?

Answer 22

Can be caused by either a rhinovirus (causes ~ 30-50% of colds) or a picornavirus (an RNA virus)

Question 23

Give the ideal conditions for cold virus proliferation.

Answer 23

Slightly acidic pH, and abt 33 degrees celsius

Question 24

Why are the older generations not as susceptible to the cold virus?

Answer 24

They are not as susceptible because they most likely have been exposed to all of the most common types of the virus and have created the antibodies against them.

Question 25

Describe the pathogenesis of the rhinovirus.

Answer 25

Attach to and infect epithelial cells in the upper Resp. This disrupts the movement of the cilia and kills the cells.
Triggers cytokine release and increases tissue swelling, secretion

Question 26

Why is not suggested to treat a cold and why are there no vaccines for it?

Answer 26

Treating a cold can reduce symptoms, but may prolong the duration of the virus.
Vaccines cannot be formed due to the large variety of strains.

Question 27

How does the rhinovirus infect and how can spread be prevented?

Answer 27

*Has a low infectious dose. Airborne contact w/ mucus membranes in eyes, nose, and mouth.
*Can be prevented by washing hands and wearing a mask.

Question 28

Adenovirus

Answer 28

*Causes the Flu.
*Usually characterized by fevers but will also cause runny nose, sore throat, and pus in the pharynx and the tonsils. CP and severe cough not uncommon.
*Transferred from humans to humans through droplets or infected items
*There is no treatment and will self resolve, but can be severe in the immunocompromised person.

Question 29

Where does pneumonia attack and cause the most damage?

Answer 29

Primary the lower respiratory tract and infects and can destroy tissue in the alveoli. This in turn will diminish respiratory capacity. Can be hospital acquired or community acquired.

Question 30

What is the microbe that causes bacterial pneumonia, and how does it cause harm?

Answer 30

*Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. virulence is caused by thick capsule.
*S+S: Fever, severe CP, tachypnea, rust colored sputum, cough
*Path: block phagocytosis and release a toxin that destroys cilia. Causes increased mucus in lungs that can block alveoli. Can cause endocarditis and meningitis if untreated.
*Can be cured w/ antibiotics and prevented w/ new vaccines

Question 31

Klebsiella pneumonia: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose/typical pop.

Answer 31

A: Klebsiella pneumoniae
B: Forms large mucoid colonies and is native to the stomach.
C: Capsule interferes w/ phagocytosis
D: Cough, chills, SOB, fever, CP, cyanosis. Will causes abscesses that cause tissue death and diminished lung capacity.
E: Infects the young, the old, and the immunocompromised.

Question 32

Mycoplasma pneumonia: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose.

Answer 32

A: aka walking pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae
B: Colonies look like fried eggs in agar.
C: Interfere w/ ciliary action and cause the cells to slough off and die. Causes inflammation in infected areas
D: sore throat, chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue
E: low infectious dose. Infects college kids and children

Question 33

Tuberculosis: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, testing results, treatment

Answer 33

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B: Usually identified w/ skin test and further testing
C: Cell wall contains mycolic acid that make it hard for macrophages to ingest.
D: Slight fever, weight loss, diaphoresis, persistent cough, blood sputum
E: Low infectious dose. Only 10 needed

Question 34

Legionnaires’ Disease: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, treatment

Answer 34

A: Legionella pneumophila
B: Seen in large biofilms usually in stagnant water. Live inside of protozoa
C: Prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion. (lethal in the elderly)
D: Headache, fever, muscle ache, confusion, tremors/chills
E:unknown
F: Antibiotics and O2 therapy.

Question 35

Influenza: Causative agent, identification, virulence factor, symptoms, infectious dose, treatment.

Answer 35

A:
B:
C:
D:
E:

Question 36

Antigenic drift v Antigenic Shift

Answer 36

Antigenic drift= minor mutations in HA/NA genes. Causes seasonal flu
Antigenic shift= mixture of RNA segments to form new virus. Causes pandemic influenza

Question 37

RSV

Question 38

Fungal infections and the Lower respiratory tract

Question 39

Coccidioidomycosis

Question 40

Histoplasmosis: Causative agent