Chapter 20

Question 1

Chemotherapy

Answer 1

A drug that is used to kill highly prolific cells in the body

Question 2

antibiotic

Answer 2

Used to either kill or inhibit bacteria in the body

Question 3

aminoglycosides

Answer 3

A toxic bactericidal antibiotic

Question 4

Toxicity and its relation to therapeutic index / toxic doses

Answer 4

Toxicity is a relative term and is usually scaled. The therapeutic index is what is used to calculate the toxicity of a specific drug prior to pt administration.

The higher the therapeutic window=more toxic and increased pt harm

The lower the therapeutic window = less toxic and decreasedpt harm

Question 5

antibiogram

Answer 5

A list of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of a specific microbe to a numerous amt of antimicrobial drugs

Question 6

Allergy

Answer 6

An immune response in which the body attacks potential threats w/ antigen-antibody complexes

Question 7

Microflora

Answer 7

The microbiome that exist inside the intestine that help w/ digestion

Question 8

Bacteriostatic v Bactericidal

Answer 8

Bacteriostatic: Inhibits bacteria (less toxic)br
Bactericidal: Kills bacteria (more toxic)

Question 9

Broad Spectrum v Narrow Spectrum

Answer 9

Broad Spectrum: Affects a wide range of different bacteria including the native flora
Narrow Spectrum: Only affects specific bacteria and requires testing before administration. Not as disruptive to the native flora

Question 10

Selective toxicity

Answer 10

Causes greater harm to microbes than the host

Question 11

Plasma v Serum

Answer 11

Plasma:Liquid that remains when blood does not clot and is spun down
Serum: Liquid that remains when blood clots and is spun down

Question 12

Through level v Peak level

Answer 12

Through Level: Measured before next drug administration
Peak Level: measured 2 hrs after drug administration

Question 13

What is the difference in dosage between a medication w/ a longer half life as opposed to something w/ a shorter half life?

Answer 13

The longer the half life the smaller the dose, and the shorter the half life the bigger the dose

Question 14

What are the 5 mechanisms of antibacterials?

Answer 14

Cell wall synthesis
protein synthesis
metabolic pathways
nucleic acid synthesis
cellular membrane

Question 15

1st line v 2nd line drugs

Answer 15

1st line drugs are less toxic and are the most effective in killing bacteria
2nd Line drugs are more toxic and are les effective. These are only given when 1st line fails

Question 16

What is a C&S exam?

Answer 16

An test that a doctor requests to determine the identity of a microbe and what medications its susceptible too.

Question 17

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 17

Flemming, However he gave up after a while because he could not sequester a pure sample to study

Question 18

How can medications that are too toxic to be used internally administered?

Answer 18

They are are applied to the skin.

Question 19

Small v Large window

Answer 19

If a medication has a smaller widow, that means that it becomes toxic quickly and in smaller doses. If it has a larger window it does not become toxic fast and can be given in larger doses.

Question 20

What is a half life and why is it important to consider when giving medications?

Answer 20

A half life is the amount of time it takes a medication to be reduced by half in the body. This is important to consider, because it determines dosing. If a medication has a shorter half life it needs to be given more frequently. If it has a longer half life then it needs to be given less frequently.

Question 21

Aminoglycosides v Tetracyclines v Chloramphenicol

Answer 21

All three are inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by disabling certain subunits. Aminoglycoside binds to 30s permanently disabling it. (bacteriocidal) Tetracycline binds to 30s and disrupts translation, Chloramphenicol binds to 50s and also disrupst translation

Question 22

Fluroquinolones v Rifamycin v Fidaxomicin v Metronidazole

Answer 22

All 4 inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.
F= Prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA
R= Prevents transcription
Fi=Binds to RNA polymerase and is bactericidal
M= Causes breaks in the DNA

Question 23

Folate inhibitors are the most useful in this antibacterial method

Answer 23

Metabolic pathway disruption by disrupting nucleotide biosynthesis. An example of this drug is Sulfa drugs (i.e Trimethoprim)

Question 24

Daptomycin v Polymyxins

Answer 24

Both attack the cell membrane. Daptomycin inserts into the microbes cytoplasmic membrane and Polymyxins bind to g- membranes

Question 25

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and why is it hard to treat?

Answer 25

Mtb is the bacteria that causes the contagious condition called tuberculosis. This bacteria is hard to treat because the cell wall has a waxy coating that makes it difficult for medication to penetrate.

Question 26

MIC
MBC
SIR

Answer 26

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration= Lowest concentration that prevents growth in vitro
Minimum Bacterial Concentration= Lowest concentration that kills 99.9 of cells in vitro
Susceptible Intermediate Resistance

Question 27

What kind of test is the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test?

Answer 27

KB is a test that is used to test microbe susceptibility to specific medications. Microbe in question is added to the plate that has an antibiotic on it. Then the colonies behavior is observed based on growth

Question 28

What are the 6 ways a bacteria can evade the effects of Antibacterials?

Answer 28

Medication inactivating enzymes
Alteration in target molecule
Decreased medication uptake
Increased medication elimination
Spontaneous Replication
Gene Transfer