Chapter 7 Flashcards
Promoter
A codon that tells DNA polymerase where to attach and begin replication
Terminator
A codon that tells the Polymerase where to stop
Codon
A 3 letter sequence that codes for a specific amino acid
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins
DNA Polymerase v RNA Polymerase
DNA Poly: Used to replicate DNA
RNA Poly: Used to create mRNA from DNA
Nucleotide
The smallest unit of DNA.
DNA: A-T, C-G
RNA: A-U, C-G
Made out of a Sugar, Base pair, and phosphate
Genetic Code
All the AA that the body can code for 4^3
Transcription v Translation
Transcription: The copying of DNA-mRNA ( a blueprint)
Translation: Interpretation of mRNA —> Amino Acid—> Protein
Bidirectional
Replication occurs in 2 directions simultaneously
Watson/Crick/Franklin
watson and crick first presented the double helix model for DNA
Franklin was the first to image it w/ Radiation
Gregor Mendel and His contribution to DNA studies
Pea plants and discovered genes
Genome
The entire genetic make up of an organism
Genotype v Phenotype
Genotype is a persons genetic characteristics
Phenotype is physical characteristics
What is a reverse transcriptase and where can you find it?
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that can turn RNA into DNA and is found usually in viruses
What are the characteristics of DNA?
double helix w/ phosphate sugar backbone
5’-3’ ends
has 4 base pairs (A,C,T,G)
Contains genes
What are the characteristics of RNA?
single stranded
t is switched for U
used to code for proteins
mRNA v rRNA v tRNA
mRNA: messenger RNA and is created during transcription by RNA polymerase
rRNA: forms part of the ribosome where translation happens
tRNA: AA at one end and an anticodon at the other. Brings the corresponding AA for the codon presented in the ribosome
Generation time
The amt of time it takes for bacteria to replicate
Continuous v discontinuous replication and their relation to okazaki fragments
Continuous: 5’-3’ direction. No gaps in the daughter strand
Discontinuous: 3’-5’ direction. DNA poly must add base pairs in the opposite direction in small segments called okazaki fragments.
Reading Frames
How nucleotide triplets are grouped so that translation can begin. If the reading frame is off, the wrong AA will be added and the protein can be non functional
anticodon
EPA sites
Anticodon: The end of the tRNA that attached to the corresponding codon on the mRNA
E: Exit site of the tRNA
P: where the AA is added to the growing peptide chain
A: Where the tRNA enters the ribosome and attaches to the corresponding codon
Intron v Exon
Introns= pieces of RNA to be removed from the sequence\
Exons= RNA that is kept and translated into a protein
Chorum Sensing
The ability of bacteria to sense the density of their population in a biofilm
Conservative v Semiconservative
Conservative: One entirely new strand and one entirely old strand
Semiconservative: Both strands will have 1/2 old and 1/2 new
