Chapter 16 Flashcards
Enterotoxin v Endotoxin v Exotoxin
Enterotoxin: Produced in/ or infecting the intestines
Endotoxin: Toxins that are present inside a bacterial cell and is only released when the cell disintegrates.
Exotoxin: Toxins released by living bacterial cell
Acute v Chronic v Latent infections
Acute: Infections that develop suddenly and have a short infection time
Chronic: Infections that develop slowly and last for months or years
Latent: The infection is never truly eliminated from the body. immunosuppression can cause reinfection
Phagocytosis
The engulfment of bacteria or other materials by phagocytes or protozoans
Communicable
Synonymous w/ contagious
Diseases that spread quickly, and easily from one host to another
What is an incubation period and what are some of the factors that can affect it?
Incubation period is the space/time between infection and onset of illness.
Is determined by the type of bacteria, the hosts immune system, and the infectious dose.
Sign v symptoms
Sign: What can be observed by the clinician
Ex: A rash or swelling
Symptoms: What is experienced by the patient
Ex: Nausea, Vomiting
Interferon
A protein released by animal cells that inhibit viral replication
Saprophyte
A plant, fungus, or microorganism that live on dead or decaying organic matter
Pathogen
A microbe that causes disease
Mutualism v Commensalism v Parasitism
Mutualism: Host and bacteria have a beneficial relationship
Commensalism: Bacteria do not do anything beneficial for the host, but their presence is not harmful
Parasitism: The bacteria benefits at the hosts expense
Define Dysbiosis
An imbalance in the normal flora
What is the correlation between pregnancy and inoculation?
Being delivered through the vagina inoculates the baby with certain bacteria that are needed for healthy and proper development.
How is the human microbiome beneficial?
The microbiome is beneficial because it can prevent the growth of opportunistic bacteria. It can also provide certain nutrients for it host by breaking down the products given to it.
Colonization
How microbes establish themselves and proliferate.
for pathogens this is called INFECTION
Subclinical
Presenting w/ mild to no symptoms
What is a unique characteristic of opportunistic pathogens?
Opportunistic pathogens are pathogens that cause disease in the presence of poor immune systems or when introduced to a new location.
This means that the bacteria of the bodies normal flora can cause disease when introduced to new areas within the body.
What is the Primary Pathogen?
The initial microbe that causes an infection to start in the bodyViru
Define virulence and Virulence factors?
Virulence is a microbes level of pathogenicity and virulence factors are the characteristics that allow a microbe to be pathogenic.
Define Convalescence
Convalescence is the recovery period after infection or disease
What is a carrier and how do they relate to the incubation period?
A carrier is an individual that harbors a infectious disease but is asymptomatic and has no signs.
Bacteremia v Toxemia v Viremia
Bacteria circulating in the blood
Toxins circulating in the blood
Viruses circulating in the blood
How are localized and systemic infections related to one another?
A localized infection is contained to one specific area in the body, and Systemic infection is spread to other organs via the blood. A local infection can become a systemic infection depending on the type of bacteria and how long it remains untreated.
What are the steps of infection?
Viruses: Attachment, Penetration, Unraveling, Replication, Release
Bacteria: Exposure, Adhesion, Invasion, Infection
What is the infectious dose and how does it vary
The infectious dose is the amount of bacteria or microbes needed to start an infection
