Chapter 16

Question 1

Enterotoxin v Endotoxin v Exotoxin

Answer 1

Enterotoxin: Produced in/ or infecting the intestines
Endotoxin: Toxins that are present inside a bacterial cell and is only released when the cell disintegrates.
Exotoxin: Toxins released by living bacterial cell

Question 2

Acute v Chronic v Latent infections

Answer 2

Acute: Infections that develop suddenly and have a short infection time
Chronic: Infections that develop slowly and last for months or years
Latent: The infection is never truly eliminated from the body. immunosuppression can cause reinfection

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

The engulfment of bacteria or other materials by phagocytes or protozoans

Question 4

Communicable

Answer 4

Synonymous w/ contagious
Diseases that spread quickly, and easily from one host to another

Question 5

What is an incubation period and what are some of the factors that can affect it?

Answer 5

Incubation period is the space/time between infection and onset of illness.
Is determined by the type of bacteria, the hosts immune system, and the infectious dose.

Question 6

Sign v symptoms

Answer 6

Sign: What can be observed by the clinician
Ex: A rash or swelling
Symptoms: What is experienced by the patient
Ex: Nausea, Vomiting

Question 7

Interferon

Answer 7

A protein released by animal cells that inhibit viral replication

Question 8

Saprophyte

Answer 8

A plant, fungus, or microorganism that live on dead or decaying organic matter

Question 9

Pathogen

Answer 9

A microbe that causes disease

Question 10

Mutualism v Commensalism v Parasitism

Answer 10

Mutualism: Host and bacteria have a beneficial relationship
Commensalism: Bacteria do not do anything beneficial for the host, but their presence is not harmful
Parasitism: The bacteria benefits at the hosts expense

Question 11

Define Dysbiosis

Answer 11

An imbalance in the normal flora

Question 12

What is the correlation between pregnancy and inoculation?

Answer 12

Being delivered through the vagina inoculates the baby with certain bacteria that are needed for healthy and proper development.

Question 13

How is the human microbiome beneficial?

Answer 13

The microbiome is beneficial because it can prevent the growth of opportunistic bacteria. It can also provide certain nutrients for it host by breaking down the products given to it.

Question 14

Colonization

Answer 14

How microbes establish themselves and proliferate.
for pathogens this is called INFECTION

Question 15

Subclinical

Answer 15

Presenting w/ mild to no symptoms

Question 16

What is a unique characteristic of opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 16

Opportunistic pathogens are pathogens that cause disease in the presence of poor immune systems or when introduced to a new location.

This means that the bacteria of the bodies normal flora can cause disease when introduced to new areas within the body.

Question 17

What is the Primary Pathogen?

Answer 17

The initial microbe that causes an infection to start in the bodyViru

Question 18

Define virulence and Virulence factors?

Answer 18

Virulence is a microbes level of pathogenicity and virulence factors are the characteristics that allow a microbe to be pathogenic.

Question 19

Define Convalescence

Answer 19

Convalescence is the recovery period after infection or disease

Question 20

What is a carrier and how do they relate to the incubation period?

Answer 20

A carrier is an individual that harbors a infectious disease but is asymptomatic and has no signs.

Question 21

Bacteremia v Toxemia v Viremia

Answer 21

Bacteria circulating in the blood
Toxins circulating in the blood
Viruses circulating in the blood

Question 22

How are localized and systemic infections related to one another?

Answer 22

A localized infection is contained to one specific area in the body, and Systemic infection is spread to other organs via the blood. A local infection can become a systemic infection depending on the type of bacteria and how long it remains untreated.

Question 23

What are the steps of infection?

Answer 23

Viruses: Attachment, Penetration, Unraveling, Replication, Release
Bacteria: Exposure, Adhesion, Invasion, Infection

Question 24

What is the infectious dose and how does it vary

Answer 24

The infectious dose is the amount of bacteria or microbes needed to start an infection