Respiratory Disease Flashcards
Define respiratory diseases
Conditions that affect the organs and tissues responsible for gas exchange
Why is their less deaths due to respiratory disease in southern europe?
Less in southern Europe (perhaps because they have a Mediterranean diet which contains more fruit and vegetables)
If smoking doesn’t give you lung cancer then…
…you’ll probably get COPD
It is mainly […] countries which die of pneumonia.
poor countries
What are the three major categories of pulmonary diseases?
– Ventilation
– Diffusion
– Perfusion
What were the conclusions of the study titled “Does Cigarette Smoking make you look ugly and old?”
“…the data are consistent with the conclusion that smoking causes skin wrinkling that could make smokers appear unattractive and prematurely old..”
What were the conclusions of the study titled “Cigarette smoking associated with premature facial wrinkling: image analysis of facial skin replicas”?
- smoking-associated facial wrinkling
- young persons underestimate the harmful cumulative effects of smoking on the skin
- …Smokers need to be made aware
of the increased risks of premature skin aging as a result of their smoking habit
Smoking will shorten your life by about…
…7 years
Smoking will make you…
…ugly
What is COPD the abbreviation for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is due to…
bronchitis & emphysema as coexisting
diseases of the lungs
COPD is a…
…progressive disability and breathlessness
How many deaths in UK 2017 due to COPD?
29,063 deaths in 2017 in the UK
Percentage of general UK population who show signs of COPD?
10% of general population show signs of the disease, and 26% of patients are aged 45 years or over have indications of COPD
What happens in emphysema?
- the alveoli break apart and merge into each other, producing ‘holes’ in the lung
- When one breathes in these
‘holes’ inflate more and interfere with air flow in the healthy alveoli. - The increase in the amount of air inside the chest is termed hyperinflation.
What is bronchitis?
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi causing coughing
Symptoms of Bronchitis?
Symptoms include coughing up
sputum, shortness of breath,
wheezing, and chest pain.
Bronchitis can be…
acute or chronic
What does it mean for bronchitis to be acute?
– Last for several weeks
– Usually associate with infection
What does it mean for bronchitis to be chronic?
– Lasts for more than 3 months/year
– Often linked to with COPD
The two categories of respiratory disease are…
…Upper and lower respiratory disease
Upper Respiratory disease involves…
… structures above the vocal folds
Lower Respiratory disease involves…
…all structures below the vocal folds
What are the main causes of Respiratory Disease?
– Viruses
– Bacteria
– Fungi
– Man made chemicals
– Trauma
– Unidentified
Airway below larynx is normally…
…sterile
Role of mucous in respiratory tract?
mucous-covering propels sputum, with the aid of ciliated cells, back up the trachea.
IgA antibodies are present in high concentrations in the …
…secretions of the upper respiratory tract (protect against viral attack)
IgG (neutralising bacteria and their toxins) and IgA are found in…
…the lower respiratory tract
Macrophages within the lung tissue are a …
…potent defence mechanism
Examples of Upper respiratory diseases?
Common Cold
Sinusitis
Allergic Rhinitis
Croup
Stridor
Congenital Laryngeal Stridor / Laryngomalacia
Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
Influenza (Flu)
Epiglottitis
Whooping Cough (Pertussis
Examples of Lower Respiratory Infections?
Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis
— Short-term infection of the airways
Influenza
— Flu is caused by the influenza viruses.
Pneumonia
— caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Tuberculosis
— cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Coronavirus disease
— SARS: SARS-CoV-1 virus
— COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 virus
What is asthma?
- Chronic inflammation of the bronchi causing swelling of the endothelium and narrowing of the airways
- Airways may unexpectedly & suddenly narrow
When does asthma often flare up?
- Often in response to an allergen, cold
air, exercise or infection - Has a genetic component
What is bronchial asthma?
A hypersensitivity disorder
Bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and excessive
excretion of viscous mucous –> ventilatory insufficiency
Bronchial asthma is most common in…
…children under 10
around 80% of (tested) US
children have inadequate…
…gastric acid secretion (Hypochlorhydria (or achlorhydria))
Link between candida albicans and respiratory disease?
- Candida albicans: acid protease made by the yeast is causative factor
- Many people have Candida in their lungs and are asymptomatic