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Health and Disease > Allergy 1 > Flashcards

Allergy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

You body creates a …

A

…warm, wet, nutritious environment well suited to the needs of your cells

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2
Q

The skin forms a…

A

…bag

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3
Q

The bag of the skin keeps…

A

…water in it and keeps invaders out, and nutrients.

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4
Q

Immune system is a diffuse…

A

…set of cells

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5
Q

Immune system has be able to detect things which are…

A

..foreign and affecting us negatively.

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6
Q

Its easier for pathogens to get in to the body via…

A

…the transfer epithelia

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7
Q

Which cells can be described as sentries?

A

Mast cells

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8
Q

Mast cells are dotted around…

A

…the surface of the skin (perhaps 25/mm^2)

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9
Q

Mast cells are chief activators of the…

A

…inflammatory response

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10
Q

Cell density of mast cells will increase in…

A

…chronic conditions

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11
Q

What are mast cells activated by?

A
  • Immune processes
  • Chemicals (Toxins, venom, cleaning products)
  • Physical injury (trauma, temperature extremes, uv radiation)
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12
Q

Mast cells contain many…

A

…granules

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13
Q

Mast cells contain many granules containing…

A

…signal molecules

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14
Q

On activation, mast cells …

A

…degranulate releasing signal
molecules including histamine

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15
Q

On activation, mast cells degranulate releasing these signal
molecules including histamine
* This, along with any cellular damage,
results in…

A

…the inflammation of the surrounding tissue and the accompanying symptoms

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16
Q

Damaged tissues and
mast cells release …

A

…histamine, increasing the blood flow to the area

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17
Q

Histamines cause capilleries to…

A

…leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound.

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18
Q

Phagocytes engulf…

A

…bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris

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19
Q

Platelets move out of…

A

…the capillary to seal the wounded area.

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20
Q

The acute inflammatory response is caused by…

A

…mast cell degranulation and release of cellular contents

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21
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling (edema)
  • Heat
  • Pain
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22
Q

Why does redness cause inflammation?

A

due to increased blood flow to the area of injury

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23
Q

Why does swelling cause inflammation?

A

due to increased extra-vascular fluid and infiltration of immune cells (phagocytes) into the damaged area (later forms pus).

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24
Q

Why does heat cause inflammation?

A

due to the increased blood flow and the action of fever-inducing agents
(pyrogens).

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25
Q

Why does pain cause inflammation?

A

caused by local tissue destruction and irritation of sensory nerve (pain)
receptors.

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26
Q

What are the functions of inflammation?

A
  • Destroy and remove unwanted substances
  • Wall off infected & inflamed area from the rest of the body
  • Stimulates the immune response
  • Promotes healing by removing damaged tissue
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27
Q

What are the most numerous white blood cells in the body?

A

Neutrophils, which are the killers.

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28
Q

Neutrophils eat…

A

…micro-organisms and spray the area with oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide

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29
Q

Neutrophils die in such numbers that they…

A

…form the white sticky substance we call pus

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30
Q

Neutrophils and other immune cell types also send…

A

…signals to the rest of the system for help

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31
Q

Neutrophils and other immune cell types also send signals to the
rest of the system for help.
- Theses are in the form of a family of hormones called…

A

…cytokines

32
Q

Neutrophils and other immune cell types also send signals to the
rest of the system for help
- Theses are in the form of a family of hormones called cytokines
- In particular they are a sub-group called…

A

…pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs).

(IL1, TNFa, IL6)

33
Q

Rising levels of PICs lead to…

A
  • Fever
  • Nausea
    – Loss of appetite
    – Weakness/lethargy
    – Hyperalgesia (sensitivity to pain)
    – Headache
    – Social withdraw/lack of concentration
34
Q

When neutrophils produce their toxic secretion they have an increased need for…

A

…oxygen

35
Q

When neutrophils produce their toxic secretion they have an increased need for oxygen.
* It is thus called the…

A

…oxidative burst

36
Q

one of the major components of the
exudates is…

A

…oxidants

37
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is great for…

A
  • Great for killing invaders
  • Great for cleaning wounds
  • But you want it to stop here
  • Because it is…
  • Great for oxidising cholesterol
  • Great for mutating DNA
  • Great for killing health tissue
38
Q

The adaptive immune system tags…

A

…perceived threats so that other members of the immune system can deal with it.

39
Q

The tag (in the adaptive immune system) is called …

A

…an antibody or immunoglobulin.

  • Its a protein
40
Q

The adaptive immune system can be …

A

…very selective and thus efficient and so can minimise damage to the body.

41
Q

The immune system produces…

A

… antibodies that recognise every single structure possible (about 1 billion combinations)

42
Q

The immune system produces antibodies that recognise every single structure possible (about 1 billion combinations).

This causes another problem…

A

… It will produce antibodies that will be able to recognise its own cells as well as essential things like food items.

43
Q

Antibodies are produced by cells termed…

A

…B-cells

  • (B for bone marrow, because this is where they are educated on
    what is self and what is not)
44
Q

B-cells leave the …

A

…bone marrow, and sits around in tissues until needed.

45
Q

B-cells leave the bone marrow and sit around in tissues until needed.
* At this point they are called…

A

…naïve or virgin B cells

46
Q

Virgin B cells display their antibody
on…

A

…their surface

47
Q

The first thing needed to activate Virgin B cells is for more than one antibody to …

A

…bind the complementary antigen

  • This tells the cell that the binding
    is not by accident
48
Q

For virgin B cells to be fully active, a…

A

…second stimulus is needed.

49
Q

To be fully active a second stimulus is needed.
* This is done by…

A

… interaction with a ‘helper T cell’

50
Q

The helper T cell effectively
confirms that …

A

…the body is at war to the B cell

51
Q

Cells called T helper cells instruct the B cell on…

A

…what type of enemy it faces

52
Q

Cells called T helper cells instruct the B cell on what type of enemy it faces.
* The B cell responds by…

A

…changing the form of the antibody it
produces.

53
Q

What are the 5 types of antibody?

A
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgE
54
Q

Whats IgM?

A

virgin type

55
Q

Whats IgD?

A

non functional?

56
Q

Whats IgA?

A

secreted

57
Q

Whats IgG?

A

blood

58
Q

Whats IgE?

A

skin

59
Q

Whats the most common form of antibody?

A

IgA

60
Q

IgA is found in all…

A

…secretions, including mothers milk and gastrointestinal tract.

61
Q

The job of IgA is to…

A

…neutralise the invader before it actually gets in

62
Q

IgE is found in the…

A

…skin.

63
Q

IgE is found in the skin mainly attached to…

A

…mast cells.

64
Q

What does IgE defend against?

A
  • Defends against big things like parasites entering
65
Q

So if the IgE detects a worm tries to burrow into the skin, then the…

A

…mast cell induces inflammation

  • The worm is exposed to a cocktail of toxins including hydrogen peroxide.
66
Q

IgG is found in the…

A

…blood and others places where there is fluid, such as interstitial fluid.

67
Q

IgG counters infections that are…

A

…systemic

68
Q

How does IgG deal with systemic infections?

A

small micro-organisms so each one has to be tagged and dealt with.

69
Q

WHats the most common internal antibody?

A

IgG

70
Q

What are the two main forms of T helper cell?

A

Th1 cells and Th2 cells

71
Q

Th1 cells indicate that…

A

… the infection is in the tissues and directs the B cells to produce IgG antibodies.

(To cover the internal spaces)

72
Q

Th2 cells indicate that…

A

… the infection is on the surface and so directs the B cell to make either IgA or IgE.

(To guard mucosal membranes and the skin)

73
Q

The last decision a B cell has to make is…

A

…whether it will now become a plasma or a memory cell

74
Q

Plasma cells go on to…

A

…divide and secrete their antibodies

75
Q

Memory cells hide away quietly remembering …

A

…the signs and signals of the war they were in.

76
Q

Memory cells hide away quietly remembering the signs and signals
of the war they were in.
* If those signs and signal reappear then …

A

…they quickly activate.

  • This means it is a lot quicker to start the immune response again.

Health and Disease (26 decks)

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