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Health and Disease > Allergy 2 > Flashcards

Allergy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats chemical sensitivity?

A
  • Acquired Intolerance of airborne chemicals
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2
Q

Examples of chemical sensitivity?

A
  • Products of combustion
  • Perfumes and fragrances
  • Products for Cleaning
  • Pesticides
  • Food additives and caffeine
  • Paints and other solvent
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3
Q

Symptoms of chemical sensitivity are similar to…

A

…that of a classical allergy

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3
Q

Chemical sensitivity can be related to…

A

…fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and, in some cases, post-traumatic stress disorder.

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4
Q

What organ systems are involved in chemical sensitivity?

A
  • Respiratory system
  • Nervous system
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5
Q

Classical allergy is also known as…

A

…type I hypersensitivity

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6
Q

Classical allergies range from…

A

…hay fever to food allergy.

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7
Q

Classical allergy is an […] condition, which is mediated by […] route.

A

Classical allergy is an acquired condition, which is mediated by IgE route.

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8
Q

Classical allergies induces inflammation via…

A

…the release of histamine from mast cells

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9
Q

Classical allergies can be …

A

…atopic (immediate) or non-atopic (delayed) in response

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10
Q

Possible symptoms of allergy?

A
  • Allergic Rhinitis: – Most common clinical expression of atopic hypersensitivity
  • Allergic asthma– Allergen exposure results in bronchoconstriction
  • Allergic Gastroenteropathy– Localized IgE reactions in the gut to an ingested food
  • Urticaria– Diffuse hives or wheals
  • Angioedema– localized tissue swelling that can occur in soft tissues throughout the body
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11
Q

Whats anaphylaxis?

A

A sudden and severe allergic reaction

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12
Q

Anaphylaxis occurs within…

A

…minutes of exposure

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13
Q

Anaphylaxis is marked by…

A

… swelling of the throat or tongue, hives, and trouble breathing.

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14
Q

During anaphylaxis, what is at risk?

A

Life is at risk and time is critical

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15
Q

Anaphylaxis can lead to death within…

A

… 15 minutes if treatment is not received

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16
Q

Methods of IgE Allergy Testing?

A
  • Skin prick testing
  • Elimination/Challenge diets
  • Antibody testing – Didn’t work for my sesame allergy
  • Hydrogen breath test (lactose)
  • Coeliac test (gut biopsy)
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17
Q

What are the two major types of anaphylaxis?

A

1) IgE mediated
2) Non-IgE mediated

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18
Q

Whats IgE mediated anaphylaxis?

A
  • True anaphylaxis that requires an initial sensitizing exposure, the coating of mast cells (and basophils) by IgE, and the explosive release of chemical mediators upon re–exposure.
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19
Q

Whats Non-IgE mediated anaphylaxis?

A
  • These reactions, the so called “anaphylactoid” reactions, are similar to those of true anaphylaxis, but do not require IgE.
    – Usually caused by the direct stimulation of the mast cells and basophils.
    – The same mediators as occur with true anaphylaxis are released and the same effects are produced.
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20
Q

Mast cells may be triggered by other stimuli such as…

A

…exercise, emotional stress, chemicals.

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21
Q

Non–IgE mediate Anaphylaxis does not require…

A

…sensitization

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22
Q

IgE (atopic) allergies most often
develop in…

A

…childhood

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23
Q

The genes of every child come…

A

…50% from the mother and 50% from
the father

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24
Q

half the proteins in the child are derived from…

A

…the father

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25
Q

The genes of every child come 50% from the mother and 50% from
the father.
* So half the proteins in the child are derived from the father
* This is a potential problem as the mothers immune system can…

A

…attack cells showing paternal derived proteins. Particularly since IgG can cross the placenta.

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26
Q

babies immune systems are…

A

…Th2 cell rich

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27
Q

So babies immune systems are Th2 cell rich and thus…

A

…drive IgE antibody producing cells

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28
Q

In most cultures kids are exposed to…

A

…lots of micro-organism from birth stimulating Th1 cells to develop and thus restoring the Th1/Th2 balance.

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29
Q

But if the environment is too
clean then this balance is…

A

…restored only slowly

30
Q

When a B-cell is stimulated to change its antibody type, it is the…

A

…Th2 cells that direct the
change.

  • Resulting in classic IgE type allergy
31
Q

It is thought that the immature immune system of babies can be
‘educated’ by …

A

…food antigens present in the
mothers milk

32
Q

What are Th0 ?

A

virgin/naive T-helper cells

33
Q

Th1 and Th2 helper cells differentiate from …

A

…virgin/naive T-helper cells (Th0)

34
Q

With frequent type 1 hypersensitivity, virgin T helper cells encouraged to…

A

…differentiate as Th2 cells

35
Q

Low levels of Th1 cells mean
suffers get …

A

…more systemic infections (e.g. bronchitis) and take longer to recover/heal.

36
Q

Mast cells are very…

A

…long lived.

37
Q

Memory B cells can last…

A

…50+ years

38
Q

IgE stimulated allergy thus tend to…

A

… reoccur even after long periods of exclusion of the allergenic food from
the diet.

39
Q

If one or two B cells bind the food allergen, but not enough to trigger a reaction then …

A

…cells called T reg cells can instruct the B cell to suppress the response to the allergen.

40
Q

Giving the sufferer very small amounts of the allergenic food – not enough to cause a reaction! – can lead to an…

A

…increase in the number of T reg cells

41
Q

Giving the sufferer very small amounts of the allergenic food – not enough to cause a reaction! – can lead to an increase in the number of T reg cells and so the…

A

…suppression of the reaction when greater quantities of allergen is encountered.

42
Q

What are the two types of intolerance?

A

1) Non-allergy intolerance
2) IgG based allergy

43
Q

Whats a non-allergy intolerance?

A

This is where the digestive system is lacking an enzyme

44
Q

Whats an IgG based allergy?

A

Caused when food gets through to the blood in a less than completely digested state

45
Q

Non-allergy intolerance is where the digestive system is lacking an enzyme. For example,…

A

… The enzymes that digests lactose (lactase) for instance

46
Q

Lactose passes through to the…

A

…lower gut

47
Q

Lactose passes through to the lower gut where it is digested by …

A

…microbes living in the gut

48
Q

Some gut bacteria are friendly such as…

A

…vitamins and energy

49
Q

Some bacteria will produce…

A

…gas, causing bloating

50
Q

Other bacterias will produce…

A

…diarrhoea and malaise

51
Q

What are Allergy-related food intolerances (Food-specific IgG related) ?

A

An actual food allergy, indicated by the
production of antibodies to the food allergen, and by the release of histamines and other chemicals into the blood

52
Q

Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve…

A

…IgE antibodies

53
Q

Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve IgE antibodies.
- They are called…

A

…food “sensitivities” or “intolerances.”

54
Q

Many adverse reactions to foods do not involve IgE antibodies
- They are called food “sensitivities” or “intolerances.”
- Other immune mechanisms are used instead such as…

A

…IgG antibodies, immune complexes, or cell-mediated reactions are involved instead.

55
Q

Allergy-related food intolerances can happen…

A

…quickly or can be delayed for two to
seventy-two hours or longer.

56
Q

IgG are the most […] and […] antibody.

A

IgG are the most common and smallest antibody.

57
Q

IgG allergy are the only…

A

…immunoglobulin to cross placenta

58
Q

IgG are involved in fighting…

A

…the disease.

59
Q

IgG is similar to…

A

…IgE

60
Q

Other than mast cells, IgG antibodies can bind to several other cell types such as…

A

…Macrophages, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (including neutrophils).

60
Q

IgG antibody can bind to …

A

…mast cells (and thus anaphylaxis), but are usually free in the blood

61
Q

Often the reaction is less intense as these other cells types do not have the
same ability as mast cells to…

A

…amplify the immune response.

(You have a reaction, but it is mild – perhaps barely noticeable – you just feel rough)

62
Q

Expression of food intolerance may be influenced by…

A
  • Physical exertion
  • Stress
  • Level of inflammation
  • Increased permeability of the gut
63
Q

Probiotics are…

A

… bacteria known to be beneficial

64
Q

Probiotics help prevent…

A

… bad organism from adhering and causing problems such
as candidosis

65
Q

There is evidence to suggest that
good bacteria can:

A

– Reduce the risk of cancer
– Lower serum cholesterol
– Reduce the severity of food allergies
– Stimulate the immune system
– Are anti-inflammatory

66
Q

Allergens that cause food intolerance are often…

A

…repetitive in structure

67
Q

Allergens that cause food intolerance are often repetitive in structure.
- They are often …

A

…storage proteins in seeds, eggs or foods such as milk used to transport nutrients

68
Q

virgin B cells can be partially activated by…

A

…binding of more that one surface antibody to the antigen.

69
Q

If large amounts of any type of food is eaten that gets in to the body (via leaky gut for instance) then any virgin B cells reacting to the food could …

A

… be activated

70
Q

Because the B cell is not fully activated means that…

A

…the reaction is not necessarily fixed

71
Q

About 95% of IgG-mediated reactions are…

A

…not fixed.

72
Q
A

Health and Disease (26 decks)

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