Epidemiology 2c

Question 1

What animal did humans get monkeypox from?

Answer 1

Small rodents

Question 2

How is monkeypox transmitted to humans?

Answer 2

Small rodents making direct contact with child and is further spread to other humans such as their family via fomites, contact with lesions/body fluids and respiratory droplets. Eventually this will cause people to have to go to hospital.

Question 3

What is monkey pox also referred to as?

Answer 3

mpox

Question 4

How is monkey pox transmitted between people?

Answer 4

• Respiratory - large droplets
• Broken skin
• Mucous membranes or mucosa
• Direct contact with body fluids or lesion materials
• Contaminated bedding or blankets
• Prolonged face to face contact and probably sex.
• Fomites

Question 5

Whats a dendritic cell?

Answer 5

Immune cell / white cell

Question 6

Describe the respiratory route of monkey pox.

Answer 6

1) MPXV enters through dendritic cell
2) Dendritic cell becomes an infected dendritic cell
3) Infected dendritic cell enters lymphatic vessel

Alternatively:

1) MPXV enters through ciliated cells in the lungs
2) MPXV infects macrophage and becomes an infected macrophage
3) Infected macrophage enters lymphatic vessel.

The virus may also have direct access to lymphatic vessels.

Question 7

What is mpxv?

Answer 7

The abbreviation of Monkey pox virus

Question 8

Describe the skin route of monkey pox.

Answer 8

1) Monkey pox enters through a wound
3) Infects langerhans cells and become infected langerhans cells
2) Infected langerhan cells infect macrophage.
4) Infected macrophage enters/infects lymphatic vessel

Alternatively:

1) Monkey pox enters through a wound
2) mpox infects fibroblast
3) infected fibroblast infects macrophage
4) Infected macrophage infects/enters lymphatic vessel

Monkey pox may also have direct access to the lymphatic vessel.

Question 9

Describe the draining lymph node route of monkey pox.

Answer 9

1) Infected macrophage/infected dendritic cell are drained out of lymph and then circulate around body.

Question 10

Describe the hepatocyte route of monkey pox.

Answer 10

1) Mpox infects kupffer cells and hepatocytes.

Question 11

Describe the sexual route of monkey pox.

Answer 11

1) MPXV has been detected in semen.
2) MPXV enters body via intercourse

Question 12

Describe the infective pustules route of monkey pox.

Answer 12

1) Monkey pox enters the body via pustules on the skins surface

Question 13

Describe the infective ulcers route of monkey pox?

Answer 13

1) Monkey pox enters the body via infective ulcers on the tongue/in the mouth.

Question 14

Describe the aerolized MPXV route of mpox?

Answer 14

Breathing monkey pocks out as droplets in a kind of mist. This is called aersolized MPXV

Question 15

Why does MPXV/monkey pox evade the immune system?

Answer 15

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is known to encode numerous viral proteins that are involved in evading the host immunity

Question 16

How does MPXV/monkey pox evade the immune system?

Answer 16

The immunity evading viral proteins can be involved in interfering with the signalling cascade of pathogen recognition receptors, disrupting key transcription factors for the expression of inflammatory genes, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF- κB.

Question 17

What is a second reason the mpox can evade the immune system?

Answer 17

In addition, MPXV secretes proteins that can target key inflammatory molecules such as TNF, IFNγ

Question 18

What is apoptosis?

Answer 18

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

Question 19

How does mpxv prevent apoptosis in infected cells?

Answer 19

by expressing numerous viral proteins that target the apoptotic pathways.

Question 20

What effect does MPXV have on white blood cells?

Answer 20

MPXV can also downregulate the activities of natural killer cells and T cells by interfering with their activation processes

Question 21

How do small islands get monkey pox?

Answer 21

Small islands import the diseases

Question 22

Does russia have mpox?

Answer 22

Russia have all the diseases just aren’t good at publicising them.

Question 23

Define cumulative cases.

Answer 23

the total number of cases of a disease that have been reported over time, including both new and previously reported cases.

Question 24

Define new cases.

Answer 24

the number of newly reported cases in a given time period, without including previously reported cases

Question 25

Who is the risk of needing treatment higher for?

Answer 25

• Young children
• Elderly
• People with a condition that affects their immune system or who are taking a medicine that affects their immune system

Question 26

Why are young kids at higher risk of needing treatment?

Answer 26

Young children = Immune system still learning

Question 27

Why are elderly at higher risk of needing treatment in hospital?

Answer 27

Elderly = Immunocompromised

Question 28

How is mpox treated?

Answer 28

Mpox is usually mild and most people recover within a few weeks without treatment.

But if your symptoms are more severe and you become unwell, you may need treatment in hospital.

Because the infection can be passed on through close contact, it’s important to isolate if you’re diagnosed with it.

You may be asked to isolate at home if your symptoms are mild.