Epidemiology 1 Flashcards
What does epi mean?
on the top/on/above
What does demos mean?
people / citizens
What does logia mean?
knowledge/writing/words/study
What does epidemiology mean?
The study of what is upon the people.
Who studied cholera?
John Snow
When did john snow study cholera?
1846 - 1860
What was cholera originally believed to result from?
Believed to result from
“miasma” (odors/gas/vapors from
decomposing animals/humans)
How did John Snow stop spread of cholera in London Soho?
Removed pump handles of water pumps so no contaminated water could be drawn from underground.
How does someone get cholera?
Drinking or eating food or water contaminated with the bacteria.
what bacteria causes cholera?
vibrio cholerae.
Why was the water underground contaminated?
Lack of sanitation, inadequate water treatment.
What does cholera do to intestines?
Induces loss of fluids in intestine(s)
Is cholera gram neg or gram pos?
Gram negative
Why does cholera cause people to lose alot of water?
Diarrhoea
What does diarrhoea cause?
Dehydration.
At the time of John Snow how was cholera treated?
At the time of John Snow, there was no treatments.
How is cholera treated today?
Today, we have antibiotics such as doxycycline and water filtration systems. We also have sanitations, hygiene, and vaccination.
What are the three questions asked in epidemiology?
1- Location
2- Who
3- When
What happened in Philadelphia 1976?
National convention of the american legion.
What do we look at in epidemiology?
- Creating solutions to problems
- Surveillance
- Risk factors
- Interventions and implementation
This is public health.
What happens in a case control study?
A specific group of patients is examined (infected) and is compared
with another group of patients that are called “controls” (non-infected)
What are the case group?
Infected
What are the control group?
non-infected
What is an Odds Ratio used to do?
to assess how likely a patient will develop a disease/condition.
What does it mean if OR > 1 ?
patients that have been exposed are more likely to develop the disease/condition
What does it mean if OR = 1 ?
no association between exposure and disease/condition
What does it mean if OR < 1 ?
patients that have been exposed are more likely to be protected against the disease/condition
Pros of case control studies?
Fast
Cost effective (cheap)
Cons of case control studies?
Bias
Appropriate controls
What is a cohort study?
A cohort (group of patients) is followed over time.
Initially, patients are healthy
What is the aim of a cohort study?
Aim = determine factors causing a disease/condition
What is a Relative risk used to do?
This is a way to assess the probability to develop a disease/condition
What is RR?
relative risk
What is OR?
Odds ratio.
Whats it mean if RR > 1 ?
patients that have been exposed are more likely to develop the disease/condition
Whats it mean if RR = 1 ?
no association between exposure and disease/condition