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Health and Disease > Gastrointestinal Disease and Gut Microbiota > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Disease and Gut Microbiota Flashcards

1
Q

GI cancers are the …

A

… most common

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2
Q

The Human digestive system produces a litre of…

A

… saliva everyday

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3
Q

Role of saliva?

A
  • Sterilises your food using hydrochloric acid
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4
Q

The human digestive system contains a nervous system similar in structure to the…

A

…brain

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5
Q

The human digestive system contains a nervous system similar in structure to the brain.
- Called the…

A

…second brain but was probably
the first

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6
Q

You have more bacteria and other
organisms living in your gut than…

A

…you have cells in your body

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7
Q

GI ill health is […] % genetics and […]% environment

A

30% genetics and 70% environment

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8
Q

It is said that it comes to ill health it is
30% genetics and 70% environment

  • Some say 40% of the latter is due to
    the quality of your …
A

… GI microbiota

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9
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Revisit gut microbiota and its impact on human health and disease”?

A

“It is the aim of this work to critically review and summarize recent literature reports on the role of microbiota and
mechanisms involved in the progress and development of major human diseases, which include obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Inflammatory Bowel
Disease (IBD), gout, depression and arthritis, as well as infant health and longevity”.

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10
Q

A microbiota is…

A

…talking about the organisms.

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11
Q

A microbiome is talking about…

A

…the genes.

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12
Q

95% of the bacteria that live on humans found in the…

A

…gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “the role of the microbiome in human health and disease: an introduction for clinicians”?

A

“Perhaps the most radical change is the
realization that most of the microbes that inhabit our body supply crucial ecosystem services that benefit the entire host-microbe system. These services include the production of important resources, bioconversion of nutrients, and protection against pathogenic microbes.”

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14
Q

The microbiota synthesises …

A

…vitamins

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15
Q

WHat vitamins are synthesised ?

A

1) B-vitamins:
* B12
* Folic acid
* Biotin
* Riboflavin
* Thiamine
2) Vitamin K

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16
Q

The microbiota produces energy compounds from…

A

…fibre

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17
Q

The microbiota produces energy compounds from fibre.
- This is in the form of…

A

…short chain fatty acids (5-10% total body energy requirements).

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18
Q

The microbiota produces energy compounds from fibre.
- This is in the form of short chain fatty acids (5-10% total body energy requirements).
- These are…

A

…acetate (60%), propionate (25%) and butyrate (15%)

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19
Q

The microbiota has roles in conservation of…

A

…nitrogen

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20
Q

The microbiota has roles in conservation of nitrogen.
- 30% of urea produced in liver is released into…

A

…the colon

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21
Q

Bacteria recycle urea into…

A

…amino acids

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22
Q

When multi-cellular animals left the marine environment, they took…

A

…a copy of it.

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23
Q

When multi-cellular animals left the marine environment, they took a
copy of it
* It is now maintained by a …

A

… range of organs and tissues.

  • It allows us to resist stresses in a changing environment.
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24
Q

Most organs of the body are tasked
with keeping the liquid bathing cells …

A

…constant

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25
Q

Most organs of the body are tasked
with keeping the liquid bathing cells
constant (within limits) to maximise …

A

…cell survival and function.

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26
Q

A microbiome is the…

A

…collective name for the gene complement of a
community

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27
Q

The Human Microbiome is the collective names for…

A

…all the genes that form the Human supraorganism

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28
Q

The human microbiome is estimated to be…

A

…3.3 million unique genes – 150x the size of the human genome.

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29
Q

Conclusions of the study called “Human gut microbiome: the second genome of the human body”?

A

“…the bacterial diversity analysis showed that about 1000 bacterial species are living in our gut and a majority of them belongs to the divisions of Firmicutes and bacteriodetes. In addition, most people share a core microbiota that comprises 50–100 bacterial species when the
frequency of abundance at phylotype level is not considered, and a core microbiome harbouring more than 6000 functional gene groups is present in the majority of human gut surveyed till now.”

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30
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “The human microbiota in health and disease”?

A

“The human microbiota plays an important role in the well-being of the human host, and participates actively in the development of a wide variety of diseases.”

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31
Q

Diseases of the digestive system accounts for […]% of all deaths.

A

Diseases of the digestive system accounts for 4.8% of all deaths.

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32
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Gut microbiome and its role in cardiovascular disease”?

A

“Dysbiosis has been implicated in CVD
as well as many aspects of cardiometabolic syndrome: obesity,
hypertension, chronic kidney disease,
and diabetes.”

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33
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Gut, microbiome, and brain regulatory axis: Relevance to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders”?

A

“… it is not surprising to find that alterations in microbiome-based metabolic processes ultimately affect
bidirectional communication between peripheral organs and CNS structures, thereby underlining the presence of
potential common pathophysiological factors in psychiatric and GI disorders.”

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34
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Psychological disorders in gastrointestinal disease: epiphenomenon, cause or consequence”?

A

“Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with both IBS and UC. The nonspecific association between these psychological and gastrointestinal disorders could suggest that chronic gastrointestinal illness might affect psychosocial behaviour.”

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35
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy”?

A

“The microbiome is receiving significant attention given its influence on a host of human diseases including cancer.”

36
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Use of antibodies and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies”?

A

“There is moderate evidence that excessive or prolonged use of antibiotics during a person’s life is associated with slight increased risk of various cancers. The message is potentially important for public health policies because minimizing improper antibiotic use within a program of antibiotic stewardship could also reduce cancer incidence.”

37
Q

When you are born your gut is …

A

…sterile

38
Q

However, the mother normally defecates when…

A

… giving birth exposing the baby to
gut microbiota

39
Q

The mother then feeds the baby on milk only for…

A

…six months or longer

40
Q
  • The mother then feeds the baby on milk only for six months or longer.
  • This produces a petty good culture of…
A

…your
mum’s bacteria who grow well on milk

41
Q

slide 41 to 61

A
42
Q

It is not just the metabolites that the microbiota produce that can cause issues; some of the species that live in your gut, if not controlled can…

A

…cause damage to the gut mucosa.

43
Q

The gut mucosa selectively absorbs…

A

…nutrients.

44
Q

The gut mucosa selectively absorbs nutrients to …

A

…travel through the cell

45
Q

Tight junctions stop…

A

… lumen contents travelling between
cells

46
Q

Dysbiosis can lead to …

A

…biofilms forming over the lumen e.g. Candida

47
Q

Worst still tight junctions can be …

A

…compromised

48
Q

Antibiotics can often cause a…

A

…bout of thrush due to reduced competition

49
Q

Leaky gut is …

A

…increased intestinal permeability

50
Q

Leaky gut is associated with…

A

…coeliac disease, lactose intolerance, food allergy, absorption issues and nutrient deficiencies.

51
Q

For leaky gut, in nutritional therapy, we used a…

A

…4 point treatment regime

  • You can do a lot by recommending probiotics
52
Q

Probiotics are …

A

…bacteria known to be beneficial

53
Q

Probiotics help prevent…

A

…bad organism from adhering and causing problems such as
candidiasis

54
Q

There is evidence to suggest that
good bacteria can:…

A
  • Reduce the risk of cancer
  • Lower serum cholesterol
  • Reduce the severity of food allergies
  • Stimulate the immune system
  • Are anti-inflammatory
55
Q

Most fibre sources are from …

A

…plants

56
Q

What are the two types of fibre?

A

1) Insoluble fibre (think dry wheat stalks)
2) Soluble fibre (think wallpaper paste)

57
Q

Examples of insoluble fibre?

A

Cellulose and lignins

58
Q

Examples of soluble fibre?

A

Gums, mucilages, pectins, and some hemicelluloses

59
Q

It is the Soluble fibre that feed …

A

…the microbiota

60
Q

Resistant starch is not…

A

…fibre

61
Q

Resistant starch is not fibre but is also…

A

…prebiotic

62
Q

It is starch we do not…

A

…digest well

63
Q

It is starch we do not digest well because…

A

… it is not well hydrated.

64
Q

Soluble fibre is destroyed by…

A

… overcooking – think crunchy veg

65
Q

Prebiotics are dietary compounds that…

A

…feed the (good) microbiota

66
Q

Prebiotics are normally …

A

…indigestible by the human gut

67
Q

Prebiotics are normally indigestible by the human gut so …

A

…many people avoid these as they can
cause gas.

68
Q

Prebiotics are normally indigestible by the human gut so many people avoid these as they can cause gas.
- But this is just a sign of…

A

…dysbiosis

69
Q

Prebiotic rich foods selectively stimulate…

A

…growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria.

70
Q

Fibre is also used to make …

A

…SCFAs

71
Q

What are SCFAs?

A

Short chain fatty acids

72
Q

Why is synthesis of Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) important?

A
  • They feed the Gut mucosa
73
Q
  • Short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
    synthesise is very important
  • They feed the Gut mucosa.

What percentage of a humans energy comes from this energy source?

A

Up to 5-10% of a humans energy needs comes from this source.

74
Q

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) reduce…

A

…gut inflammation

75
Q

SCFAs are used as…

A

…positive health signals throughout the body

76
Q

Conclusions of the study titled “Cooking shapes the structure and function of the gut microbiome”?

A

“Thus, diet-driven host-microbial interactions depend on the food as well as its form. Because cooking is human-specific, ubiquitous and ancient, our results prompt the hypothesis that humans and our microbiomes co-evolved under unique cooking-related pressures.”

77
Q

Kefir can contain…

A

…50+ bacteria and yeast species

78
Q

Kefire is said to be …

A

… a microbiome in a glass

79
Q

Real kefir is made from…

A

…Kefir grains

80
Q

Commercial kefir is made from…

A

…purified microorganisms - so it may be less diverse.

81
Q

Examples of fermented milk products:

A
  • Yogurt
  • Acidophilus milk
  • Sour cream
  • Cultured buttermilk
  • Kefir
  • Koumiss (mare’s milk)
82
Q

Cheese and fermented milks contain a…

A

…mixture of yeasts and bacteria

83
Q

Fermented vegetables and fermented meat are…

A
  • Lactic acid producing bacteria
84
Q

Examples of fermented vegetable:

A
  • Sauerkraut (cabbage)
  • Kimchi (cabbage, garlic, chilli
    peppers and more)
  • Pickles (cucumber)
  • Olives
  • Other vegetables
85
Q

Examples of fermented meat?

A
  • Semi-dry sausages
  • Dry sausages
86
Q

Lol’s thought of the day :

A

1) Eat mainly plants and encourage gut bacteria that thrive on plants
2) Eats lots of meat and encourage gut bacteria that thrive on meat
3) You are meat

Health and Disease (26 decks)

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