Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Flashcards
Whos dying from cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
The people dying of CVD are in Russia and labour heavy countries.
The deaths due to CVD have been falling since…
…the 1960s
Rate of CVD isnt too high in the…
…west
There are certain areas which are much higher in CVD than neighbouring countries which are called …
…hot spots
What are DALYs?
DALYs are disability- adjusted life years
One DALY can be thought of as…
…one lost year of “healthy” life
CVD is so prevalent in ‘red’ countries like Russia/Ukraine that …
…it is affecting peoples lives.
Describe the epidemiology of CVD in the uk 2014.
- CVD contributes to 29% of deaths due to diseases in men. 28% in women.
- Biggest cause of death = coronary heart disease followed by stroke.
Describe the percentage of National Health Service (NHS) expenditure on cardiovascular disease by care setting, England 2012/2013.
- 20% of the money owned by primary care services is spent treating and managing cardiovascular diseases.
- 63.4% of the money owned by secondary care services spent on treating and managing cardiovascular diseases.
- Causes tax to increase
You often can’t get up-to-date date from…
…peer reviewed papers or Government sources – but charities often have the data
How many people will die from a heart or circulatory disease?
460
What rank does coronary heart disease (CHD) get in top 5 causes of death?
number 3
stroke got number 4
around […] of the 460 people who die will be younger than […]
around 130 of the 460 who die will be younger than 75
How many people in uk today are living with a heart or circulatory disease?
7.6 million
How many hospital admission will be due to heart attack?
260
How many people will die from coronary heart disease?
180
how many babies will be diagnosed with a heart defect?
13
How many males and females are currently living with heart and circulatory diseases in the uk?
4 mil males 3.6 females
How many people living with heart disease rn?
7.6 milly
We estimate that in the uk more than […] of us will get heart or circulatory conditions in our lifetime?
We estimate that in the uk more than HALF of us will get heart or circulatory conditions in our lifetime?
How many ppl will die from heart disease this year vs today?
more than 160,000 ppl will die ths year
460 ppl today
Each year how many ppl under the age of 75 die from heart and cirfculatory disease?
48000
Rates of death of CVD/heart diseases are going…
…down and have already dropped in both men and women from 1969 to 2020
What does the human circulatory system consist of?
- the heart
- blood
- blood vessels
—Arteries
—Capillaries
—Veins
Function of artieries
Arterys deliver the blood from the heart to the tissues
At tissues, arteries turn into….
…capilleries to transfer nutrients from blood to tissues.
Function of veins
Veins collect blood and take it back to the heart
Theres a lot of capilleries around the …
gastrointestinal tract.
Function of capilleries
These load the blood with nutrients
Function of renal arteries
The renal artieries get rid of waste products from the blood.
How is blood pumped through the legs?
Blood pumped through the legs due to muscle contractions which squeeze the blood vessels, causing the valves to open and allows the flow of blood. Muscles uncontracted – valves closed – no flow of blood.
What are CVD-related Conditions
A complex of conditions that have the same underlying pathology
What do CVD-related Conditions cause a change in?
change in the structure of vascular wall
What do CVD-related Conditions mainly affect?
arteries
The most serious diseases are caused due to …
…changes in the structure of the arteries
Two main pathologies of artery structure?
- Atherosclerosis
- Aneurysm
In the veins the major issue is…
…varicose veins
Atherosclerosis characterized by …
…the deposition of atheromatous plaques on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries
What is the plaque made of in atherosclerosis?
made up of fat, cholesterol, smooth muscle cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
What happens to (atherosclerosis) plaques over time?
Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries.
What is the effect of atherosclerosis on arteries?
Artery loses elasticity – arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
When does atherosclerosis start and develop?
Atherosclerosis starts in early teens and develops over the next 5+ decades
underlying causes of atherosclerosis are…
…still under much debate
Where is the position of formation thought to start?
at a site of hemodynamic stress
- Due to raised blood pressure, infection, trauma, or other injurious agent
What does hemodynamic stress cause?
inflammation and adaptive tunica intima thickening
Intima thickening is often…
…asymmetrical
Sites of intima thickening is consistent with …
…increased production of sulfate-containing proteoglycans and extending the extracellular matrix.
The thickening of the tunica intima is usually where…
…atherosclerotic plaques form
What happens to lipid inducing cholesterol in the thickening intima?
- lipid including cholesterol gets trapped in this matrix and becomes oxidised
- This does not occur in vessels with a normal intima
the inflammatory process produces copious amounts of…
…oxidants
Due to this being a site of inflammation …
…immune cells enter this matrix
What happens when monocytes enter the inflamed matrix?
- Monocytes are then enter the matrix and are stimulated to differentiate in to macrophages
- These macrophages engulf the lipid and initiate an inflammatory response
What happens to the macrophages after they initiate an immune response?
- These swollen vacuolated macrophage filled with lipid inclusions are termed foam cells and give the appearance of fatty streaks in the arterial wall
- The plaque increases in size
What happens to the macrophages after they cause the plaque to increase in size?
The macrophages now start a process of calcification – it is almost like they are trying to wall the extracellular matrix from the body
What are the two types of calcification macrophages can cause?
- Macrocalcification = leads to plaque stability
- Microcalcification = is more likely to be associated with plaque rupture
What is macrocalcification associated with?
macrophages in healing mode
What is microcalcification associated with?
macrophages that are still in a pro- inflammatory mode
Rupture of plauqes lead to…
…a possible blockage
If inflammation persists, fatty streaks become …
…more complicated
the atheromatous plaques contains…
…collagen and other fibrous molecules, migrating smooth muscle cells, calcium and T- lymphocytes
What happens if portions of plaque break free?
If portions of plaque break free they can travel in the blood and block small arteries, as do blood clots
What is blockage of vascular caused by a plaque termed?
Blockage of vascular by plaque, clots etc termed an embolism
Define hypertension (high blood pressure)
systolic blood pressure consistently 140 mmHg or greater, and/or diastolic blood pressure is consistently 90 mmHg or greater
What causes hypertension (high blood pressure) in teenagers?
Causes include genetic factors, excess body weight, diet, lack of exercise, and diseases such as heart disease or kidney disease.
What is hypertension also known as?
high blood pressure
WHAT is CHD the abbreviation for?
Coronary Heart Disease (or coronary disease)