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Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 > Respiratory Anatomy - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Structures of Respiratory System

A 
Nose and Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal Bronchi
Lungs and Alveoli
Pulmonary Vessels
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2
Q

Structures of Nose

A 
Nare
Meati
Conchae
Sinuses
Septum
Palate
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3
Q

Functions of Nose

A
  • Conchae and Septum warms inhaled air
  • Filtration and obstruction of foreign particles
  • Assists in sound making and sensation of smell (CNI)
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4
Q

How does conchae and septum warm air

A
  • Increased inspired air to body temp
  • Humidify air to 95% water vapor saturation
  • 160 sq. cm. area
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5
Q

What does pharynx connect?

A

nose, mouth larynx and middle ear

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6
Q

What are tonsils

A

muscular mucosal lymph tissues

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7
Q

Function of Pharynx and Tonsils

A

AIDE

A ssists phonation (Make
    sounds)
 I nitiates deglutition - swallow
D efends against pathogens
E  nlarges w/ inflammation and
    tumor
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8
Q

Pharynx: Waldeyer’s Ring

A

Ring of Tonsils:

  • Adenoid
  • Eustachian
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
  • Sublingual
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9
Q

Mallampati Classes

A

MP 1: Full view of uvula and tonsillar pillars, soft palate
MP 2: Partial view of uvula/base, partial view of tonsils, soft palate
MP 3: Only soft palate
MP 4: Only hard palate

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10
Q

Glossoptosis

A

collapse of oropharynx, tongue drops posteriorly

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11
Q

Macroglossia

A

Big tongue

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12
Q

Micrognathia

A

Small jaw, mandible

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13
Q

Prognathism

A

Protruding jaw, mandible

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14
Q

Microgenia

A

Small chin

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15
Q

Microstomia

A

Small mouth

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16
Q

Malocclusion

A

Upper protrusion, buck teeth, overbite

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17
Q

Larynx Location

A
  • Between Pharynx and Trachea
  • Adult: anterior to 3rd-6th vertebre
  • At Birth: level at C3-4
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18
Q

What is Larynx made of

A

Multiple cartilages and muscles bound by elastic tissue. AO extension 35 degrees.

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19
Q

Functions of Larynx

A
  • Airway protective sphincter
  • Closes airway during swallow
  • Supports vocal cords
  • Modulates speech
  • autoPEEP
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20
Q

Compartments of Larynx

A
  • Supraglottis
  • Glottis
  • Infraglottis
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21
Q

Supraglottis Compartment

A

Epiglottis, False vocal cords

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22
Q

Glottis (Ventricle)

A
  • True vocal cords
  • Rima glottidis (narrowest part of adult upper airway)
  • Arytenoids (cartilage)
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23
Q

Infraglottis

A
  • Below vocal cords
  • Cricoid Cartilage
  • Trachea
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24
Q

9 Structures of Larynx

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid
  3. Cricoid
    4-5: Arytenoid
    6-7: Corniculate
    8-9: Cuneiform

Hyoid bone suspends Larynx

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25
What do Extrinsic muscles of Larynx do?
Attach larynx to bone or pharynx and move larynx UPWARD during swallow
26
What do Intrinsic muscles of Larynx do?
Two Sets: Innervated by RLN First Set: Alters size and shape of larynx Second Set: Move true vocal cords
27
Aryepiglottic
Part of the First set of Larynx intrinsic muscles that pulls epiglottis down over larynx.
28
Thyroepiglottic
Part of the First set Larynx intrinsic muscles the HELP pulling epiglottis down
29
Oblique Arytenoid
Part of the First set of Larynx intrinsic muscles that pulls arytenoids together, ADDuctor
30
What are the muscles in the FIRST set of intrinsic larynx muscles?
Aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, oblique arytenoid
31
What are the muscles in the SECOND set of intrinsic larynx muscles?
Chubby Tired Leprechauns Piss Terrible Venom - Cricothyroid - Thyroarytenoid - Lateral Cricoarytenoid - Posterior Cricoarytenoid - Traverse Arytenoid - Vocalis
32
Cricothyroid - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - Tensor of Vocal Cords - External (SLN)
33
Thyroarytenoid - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - Relaxor of Vocal Cords - RLN
34
Lateral Cricoarytenoid - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ADDuctor - RLN
35
Posterior Cricoarytenoid - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ABductor - RLN
36
Traverse Arytenoid - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ADDuctor - RLN
37
Vocalis - Action and Nerve
Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ABductor (Weak) - RLN
38
What EXTRINSIC muscles moves the larynx indirectly?
Hyoid bone elevators - Suprahyoid
39
Which EXTRINSIC muscles attach directly to larynx
- Thyrohyoid - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus - Inferior constrictor
40
Membranes of Larynx
Thyrohoid Membran, Quadrangular Membrane, Cricothyroid Membrane
41
Quadrangular Membrane
Epiglottis to arytenoid, lateral wall of larynx
42
Cricothyroid Membrane
Inferior to true vocal cords, Emergency airway (Circothyroidotomy/Jet Ventilation)
43
What does Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) do?
- Sensory innervation to infra glottis - Motor innervation to all larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid muscle - Left RLN passes @ aortic arch
44
Stimulation of RLN causes...
ABduction of Vocal Cords
45
Damage of RLN causes...
ADDuction of Vocal Cords
46
What does Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) do - INTERNAL
Provides SENSATION to supraglottic and ventricle compartment
47
What does Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) do - EXTERNAL
Provides MOTOR innervation of cricothyroid muscle
48
What happens when you stimulate the INTERNAL SLN?
Laryngospasm
49
Sphenopalatine Ganglion
Middle CN V - nasal mucosa, superior pharynx, uvula, tonsils
50
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
CN IX, Lingual Back 1/3, Pharyngeal, Tonsillar Nerves - oral pharynx, supraglottic region
51
Internal Superior Laryngeal Nerve
CN X - mucus membrane above vocal cords, glottis
52
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
CN X - trachea below vocal cords
53
Epiglottis
Flap-like structure that is positioned UPRIGHT during inspiration
54
Epiglottic Vallecula
Space/depression anterior to epiglottis at tongue root
55
How do you lift epiglottis during laryngoscopy?
Pressure on hyoepiglottic ligament
56
What happens during swallowing
- Epiglottis covers glottis to protect airway - Larynx raised upward via muscle contraction - Epiglottis pressed downward by base of tongue
57
False Vocal Cords
Upper folds that close during swallow
58
True Vocal Cords
Mobile elastic fibers that make sound and has vocal ligament within.
59
Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) Grades of VIew
Grade 1: Full view of vocal cords, glottis Grade 2: Partial view of vocal cords, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages Grade 3: Only epiglottis Grade 4: Only soft palate
60
How is sound produced?
Air forced b/t closed cords and causes vibration. Vibration formed into words by pharynx/oral cavity, tongue, lips
61
How is vocal pitch modified?
Vocal cord tension. More tension = higher pitch. Less tension = lower pitch.
62
How is vocal volumed controlled?
Force of air passing b/t vocal cords. Stronger blast cause VC to vibrate more --> louder sounds
63
What is Cricoid Ring
Complete signet-shaped cartilage ring below larynx and thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) and b/t Cricothyroid Membrane and Trachea. Narrowest part of airway in children < 8yrs., cone-shaped narrowing inferiorly
64
Sellick Maneuver
Pressure on cricoid applied posteriorly closes to Esophagus
65
Why is Sellick's Maneuver used?
Prevent gastric regurg, aligns glottic opening during intubation and prevents pushing air into stomach
66
Trachea
Flexible cylinder supported by 20-25 C-shaped cartilages that extends from C6-T5.
67
Where does trachea divide into 2 bronchi
At carina (T5-7). Carina at 25cm from teeth.
68
Diameter of trachea
18-20 mm
69
Length of trachea
12.5-18cm
70
What prevents tracheal collapse
C-shaped cartilage
71
What allows esophageal expansion (tracheal)
Posterior smooth muscle
72
What filters air and moves particles upward to pharynx on mucous carpet?
Ciliated Epithelium
73
Functions of Bronchial Tree
distributes air to alveoli, warm/humidify air, filter and move particles from lungs
74
Bronchial Divisions
Primary, secondary, lobar, segmental bronchi branching to bronchopulmonary segments
75
What do small bronchopulmonary segments divide into?
Bronchial lobules and separate into terminal bronchioles
76
Dead Space
Ventilation, no perfusion. 30% each breath wasted. ETT reduces dead space by about 100mL. ~2cc/kg or pt's weight lbs.
77
What is an acinus
Site of gas exchange that its structures include respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts/sacs, and alveoli
78
How does gas exchange b/t airspace and pulmonary capillaries happen?
Simple diffusion
79
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PS-CC) - Location and Function
Found from Larynx to Bronchi. Moves mucous blanket upward, removing trapped particles with cilia beating 1000-1500 cycles/min
80
What disables the PS-CC
Smoke
81
Function of Goblet Cells
Makes mucous blanket to trap particles, prevent airway drying and moistens air. Increases with injury/infection
82
Clara Cells
located in smaller bronchiole where there are no goblet cells. Makes watery, protein material that combines with surfactant and mucus to help clean small airways and reduces bronchiole surface tension
83
Types of Cells of Alveolar Wall
- Type I Pneumocyte - Type II Pneumocyte - Endothelial Capillaries - Macophages - help clean - Septal Cells (fibroblasts) - maintains connective lung tissue - Mast Cells - histamines
84
Type I Pneumocyte
Squamous epithelial cell, covering 95% of alveolar wall and increases surface area. Very thin (<0.2 µm) for gas exchange. Can be injured; can't heal.
85
What cell controls fluid movement b/t interstitium and air space
PC I - Type I Pneumocyte
86
Type II Pneumocyte
Cuboidal, mitotic, repairs and regenerates PC I, and secretes Surfactant.
87
How long does it take for PC II to mature
24 Weeks gestation
88
What is surfactant?
Mix of proteins, phospholipids and ions. Mixes with water to decrease surface tension to reduce force needed to inflate alveoli. Prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.
89
Where does gas exchange first occur?
Respiratory bronchiole

Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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