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Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 > Respiratory Anatomy - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Structures of Respiratory System

A 
Nose and Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal Bronchi
Lungs and Alveoli
Pulmonary Vessels
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2
Q

Structures of Nose

A 
Nare
Meati
Conchae
Sinuses
Septum
Palate
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3
Q

Functions of Nose

A
  • Conchae and Septum warms inhaled air
  • Filtration and obstruction of foreign particles
  • Assists in sound making and sensation of smell (CNI)
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4
Q

How does conchae and septum warm air

A
  • Increased inspired air to body temp
  • Humidify air to 95% water vapor saturation
  • 160 sq. cm. area
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5
Q

What does pharynx connect?

A

nose, mouth larynx and middle ear

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6
Q

What are tonsils

A

muscular mucosal lymph tissues

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7
Q

Function of Pharynx and Tonsils

A

AIDE

A ssists phonation (Make
    sounds)
 I nitiates deglutition - swallow
D efends against pathogens
E  nlarges w/ inflammation and
    tumor
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8
Q

Pharynx: Waldeyer’s Ring

A

Ring of Tonsils:

  • Adenoid
  • Eustachian
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
  • Sublingual
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9
Q

Mallampati Classes

A

MP 1: Full view of uvula and tonsillar pillars, soft palate
MP 2: Partial view of uvula/base, partial view of tonsils, soft palate
MP 3: Only soft palate
MP 4: Only hard palate

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10
Q

Glossoptosis

A

collapse of oropharynx, tongue drops posteriorly

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11
Q

Macroglossia

A

Big tongue

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12
Q

Micrognathia

A

Small jaw, mandible

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13
Q

Prognathism

A

Protruding jaw, mandible

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14
Q

Microgenia

A

Small chin

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15
Q

Microstomia

A

Small mouth

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16
Q

Malocclusion

A

Upper protrusion, buck teeth, overbite

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17
Q

Larynx Location

A
  • Between Pharynx and Trachea
  • Adult: anterior to 3rd-6th vertebre
  • At Birth: level at C3-4
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18
Q

What is Larynx made of

A

Multiple cartilages and muscles bound by elastic tissue. AO extension 35 degrees.

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19
Q

Functions of Larynx

A
  • Airway protective sphincter
  • Closes airway during swallow
  • Supports vocal cords
  • Modulates speech
  • autoPEEP
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20
Q

Compartments of Larynx

A
  • Supraglottis
  • Glottis
  • Infraglottis
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21
Q

Supraglottis Compartment

A

Epiglottis, False vocal cords

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22
Q

Glottis (Ventricle)

A
  • True vocal cords
  • Rima glottidis (narrowest part of adult upper airway)
  • Arytenoids (cartilage)
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23
Q

Infraglottis

A
  • Below vocal cords
  • Cricoid Cartilage
  • Trachea
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24
Q

9 Structures of Larynx

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid
  3. Cricoid
    4-5: Arytenoid
    6-7: Corniculate
    8-9: Cuneiform

Hyoid bone suspends Larynx

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25
Q

What do Extrinsic muscles of Larynx do?

A

Attach larynx to bone or pharynx and move larynx UPWARD during swallow

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26
Q

What do Intrinsic muscles of Larynx do?

A

Two Sets: Innervated by RLN
First Set: Alters size and shape of larynx
Second Set: Move true vocal cords

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27
Q

Aryepiglottic

A

Part of the First set of Larynx intrinsic muscles that pulls epiglottis down over larynx.

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28
Q

Thyroepiglottic

A

Part of the First set Larynx intrinsic muscles the HELP pulling epiglottis down

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29
Q

Oblique Arytenoid

A

Part of the First set of Larynx intrinsic muscles that pulls arytenoids together, ADDuctor

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30
Q

What are the muscles in the FIRST set of intrinsic larynx muscles?

A

Aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, oblique arytenoid

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31
Q

What are the muscles in the SECOND set of intrinsic larynx muscles?

A

Chubby Tired Leprechauns Piss Terrible Venom

  • Cricothyroid
  • Thyroarytenoid
  • Lateral Cricoarytenoid
  • Posterior Cricoarytenoid
  • Traverse Arytenoid
  • Vocalis
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32
Q

Cricothyroid - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - Tensor of Vocal Cords - External (SLN)

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33
Q

Thyroarytenoid - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - Relaxor of Vocal Cords - RLN

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34
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ADDuctor - RLN

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35
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ABductor - RLN

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36
Q

Traverse Arytenoid - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ADDuctor - RLN

37
Q

Vocalis - Action and Nerve

A

Part of SECOND set of larynx intrinsic muscles - ABductor (Weak) - RLN

38
Q

What EXTRINSIC muscles moves the larynx indirectly?

A

Hyoid bone elevators - Suprahyoid

39
Q

Which EXTRINSIC muscles attach directly to larynx

A
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Inferior constrictor
40
Q

Membranes of Larynx

A

Thyrohoid Membran, Quadrangular Membrane, Cricothyroid Membrane

41
Q

Quadrangular Membrane

A

Epiglottis to arytenoid, lateral wall of larynx

42
Q

Cricothyroid Membrane

A

Inferior to true vocal cords, Emergency airway (Circothyroidotomy/Jet Ventilation)

43
Q

What does Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) do?

A
  • Sensory innervation to infra glottis
  • Motor innervation to all larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid muscle
  • Left RLN passes @ aortic arch
44
Q

Stimulation of RLN causes…

A

ABduction of Vocal Cords

45
Q

Damage of RLN causes…

A

ADDuction of Vocal Cords

46
Q

What does Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) do - INTERNAL

A

Provides SENSATION to supraglottic and ventricle compartment

47
Q

What does Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) do - EXTERNAL

A

Provides MOTOR innervation of cricothyroid muscle

48
Q

What happens when you stimulate the INTERNAL SLN?

A

Laryngospasm

49
Q

Sphenopalatine Ganglion

A

Middle CN V - nasal mucosa, superior pharynx, uvula, tonsils

50
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

CN IX, Lingual Back 1/3, Pharyngeal, Tonsillar Nerves - oral pharynx, supraglottic region

51
Q

Internal Superior Laryngeal Nerve

A

CN X - mucus membrane above vocal cords, glottis

52
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A

CN X - trachea below vocal cords

53
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap-like structure that is positioned UPRIGHT during inspiration

54
Q

Epiglottic Vallecula

A

Space/depression anterior to epiglottis at tongue root

55
Q

How do you lift epiglottis during laryngoscopy?

A

Pressure on hyoepiglottic ligament

56
Q

What happens during swallowing

A
  • Epiglottis covers glottis to protect airway
  • Larynx raised upward via muscle contraction
  • Epiglottis pressed downward by base of tongue
57
Q

False Vocal Cords

A

Upper folds that close during swallow

58
Q

True Vocal Cords

A

Mobile elastic fibers that make sound and has vocal ligament within.

59
Q

Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) Grades of VIew

A

Grade 1: Full view of vocal cords, glottis
Grade 2: Partial view of vocal cords, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
Grade 3: Only epiglottis
Grade 4: Only soft palate

60
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Air forced b/t closed cords and causes vibration. Vibration formed into words by pharynx/oral cavity, tongue, lips

61
Q

How is vocal pitch modified?

A

Vocal cord tension. More tension = higher pitch. Less tension = lower pitch.

62
Q

How is vocal volumed controlled?

A

Force of air passing b/t vocal cords. Stronger blast cause VC to vibrate more –> louder sounds

63
Q

What is Cricoid Ring

A

Complete signet-shaped cartilage ring below larynx and thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) and b/t Cricothyroid Membrane and Trachea. Narrowest part of airway in children < 8yrs., cone-shaped narrowing inferiorly

64
Q

Sellick Maneuver

A

Pressure on cricoid applied posteriorly closes to Esophagus

65
Q

Why is Sellick’s Maneuver used?

A

Prevent gastric regurg, aligns glottic opening during intubation and prevents pushing air into stomach

66
Q

Trachea

A

Flexible cylinder supported by 20-25 C-shaped cartilages that extends from C6-T5.

67
Q

Where does trachea divide into 2 bronchi

A

At carina (T5-7). Carina at 25cm from teeth.

68
Q

Diameter of trachea

A

18-20 mm

69
Q

Length of trachea

A

12.5-18cm

70
Q

What prevents tracheal collapse

A

C-shaped cartilage

71
Q

What allows esophageal expansion (tracheal)

A

Posterior smooth muscle

72
Q

What filters air and moves particles upward to pharynx on mucous carpet?

A

Ciliated Epithelium

73
Q

Functions of Bronchial Tree

A

distributes air to alveoli, warm/humidify air, filter and move particles from lungs

74
Q

Bronchial Divisions

A

Primary, secondary, lobar, segmental bronchi branching to bronchopulmonary segments

75
Q

What do small bronchopulmonary segments divide into?

A

Bronchial lobules and separate into terminal bronchioles

76
Q

Dead Space

A

Ventilation, no perfusion. 30% each breath wasted. ETT reduces dead space by about 100mL. ~2cc/kg or pt’s weight lbs.

77
Q

What is an acinus

A

Site of gas exchange that its structures include respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts/sacs, and alveoli

78
Q

How does gas exchange b/t airspace and pulmonary capillaries happen?

A

Simple diffusion

79
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PS-CC) - Location and Function

A

Found from Larynx to Bronchi. Moves mucous blanket upward, removing trapped particles with cilia beating 1000-1500 cycles/min

80
Q

What disables the PS-CC

A

Smoke

81
Q

Function of Goblet Cells

A

Makes mucous blanket to trap particles, prevent airway drying and moistens air. Increases with injury/infection

82
Q

Clara Cells

A

located in smaller bronchiole where there are no goblet cells. Makes watery, protein material that combines with surfactant and mucus to help clean small airways and reduces bronchiole surface tension

83
Q

Types of Cells of Alveolar Wall

A
  • Type I Pneumocyte
  • Type II Pneumocyte
  • Endothelial Capillaries
  • Macophages - help clean
  • Septal Cells (fibroblasts) - maintains connective lung tissue
  • Mast Cells - histamines
84
Q

Type I Pneumocyte

A

Squamous epithelial cell, covering 95% of alveolar wall and increases surface area. Very thin (<0.2 µm) for gas exchange. Can be injured; can’t heal.

85
Q

What cell controls fluid movement b/t interstitium and air space

A

PC I - Type I Pneumocyte

86
Q

Type II Pneumocyte

A

Cuboidal, mitotic, repairs and regenerates PC I, and secretes Surfactant.

87
Q

How long does it take for PC II to mature

A

24 Weeks gestation

88
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Mix of proteins, phospholipids and ions. Mixes with water to decrease surface tension to reduce force needed to inflate alveoli. Prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.

89
Q

Where does gas exchange first occur?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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