Cardiac Anatomy - Quiz 1

Question 1

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

• Transport essential substances to tissues
• Remove metabolism by-products
• Regulate body temperature
• Humoral communication throughout body
• Adjusts oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiological states

Question 2

Why is the heart considered two pumps?

Answer 2

• Right side pumps blood to lungs - Pulmonary circulation
• Left side pumps blood to body - Systemic circulation

Question 3

What parts of the heart cause unidirectional flow?

Answer 3

Valves

Question 4

Function of capillaries

Answer 4

• Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in tissues
• Deliver nutrients and remove wastes from cells

Question 5

What part of circulation has the majority of the total blood volume?

Answer 5

Venous System - 70%

Question 6

What part of circulation has greatest resistance to blood flow?

Answer 6

Arterioles

Question 7

Blood flow in the capillaries are….

Answer 7

Non-pulsatile

Question 8

What is the relationship of velocity of blood flow an the cross-sectional area of vascular system?

Answer 8

Inversely related - as cross-sectional area increases, velocity of blood decreases

Question 9

What are ideal conditions for capillary function?

Answer 9

Very slow blood flow velocity (in large areas) for exchange of diffusible substances

Question 10

How is blood flow related to the majority of tissue beds in the body?

Answer 10

• Blood flow is related to tissues needs
• Cardiac output controlled by sum of all local tissue flows
• Arterial pressure controlled independently of local blood flow or cardiac output control

Question 11

Boundaries of Mediastinum

Answer 11

Superior - Above plane between sternal angle and inferior border of T4 vertebral body

Inferior - anterior, middle, and posterior

Question 12

Where is the heart located in the mediastinum?

Answer 12

Middle mediastinum

Question 13

Layers of the Pericardium

Answer 13

• Fibrous Layer
• Serous Layer - contains Parietal Layer, Visceral Layer, and Pericardial cavity

Question 14

Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart

Answer 14

T1-T4 Cardiac accelerators, Stellate gangila, and MIddle cervical ganglia

Question 15

Parasympathetic Innervation of Heart

Answer 15

• Originates in mudulla oblongata
• Vagus nerves
• Much innervation to SA and AV,
• Little innervation to ventricles

Question 16

Paths of Conduction

Answer 16

• Sinoatrial - (SA to LA) or (SA to AV)
• Atrioventricular - Bundle of His
• Bundle Branches
  
  • Left BB - Anterior and Posterior
  • Right BB

Question 17

Structures of Right Atrium

Answer 17

• Vena Cavae - superior and inferior (w/ eustachian valve)
• Crista Terminalis - divides RA
  
  • RA appendage - right auricle - trabeculated
  • Smooth portion around vena cavae
• Coronary Sinus - venous drainage
• Fossa Ovalis - foramen ovale remnant
• Tricuspid Valve

Question 18

What is Coronary Sinus and where does it drain?

Answer 18

Venous channel that receives blood from cardiac veins and empties into Right Atrium

Question 19

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 19

• Separates RA from RV
• 3 Leaflets - Anterior, Posterior, and Septal

Question 20

What is the shape of the Right Ventricle in cross-section?

Answer 20

Crescent-shaped and THIN walls

Question 21

What is the shape of the Left ventricle in cross-section?

Answer 21

Circular shape, THICK walls

Question 22

How many pulmonary veins present and where do they drain?

Answer 22

Four, drains OXYGENATED blood into Left Atrium

Question 23

In A-Fib, where do clots normally form?

Answer 23

Left atrial appendage

Question 24

Function of Papillary Muscles

Answer 24

Attach to the cusps of mitral and tricuspid valves via chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse on systole.

Question 25

Aortic Valve

Answer 25

• Separates LV and Aorta
• Trileaflet - R coronary, L coronary, non coronary
• R and L Coronary arteries originate at Sinuses of Valsalva
• Sino-tubular junction

Question 26

Where are the origins of coronary arteries in relation to aortic valve?

Answer 26

Sinuses of Valsalva - dilations of ascending aorta just above aortic valve

Question 27

Mitral Valve

Answer 27

• Separates LA and LV
• 2 Leaflets - Anterior (wide and short) and Posterior (narrow and long)

Question 28

Pulmonic Valve

Answer 28

• Separates RV and Pulmonary Artery
• 3 leaflets
  
  • Sinuses of Valsalva - dilation of main pulmonary artery just above pulmonic valve

Question 29

Right Coronary Artery

Answer 29

Supplies Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) in 85% of people

Question 30

Left Coronary Artery

Answer 30

• Bifurcates
  
  • Left Anterior Descending (LAD) - Diagonal branches
  • Left Circumflex - Obtuse marginal(es)
  • Ramus Intermedius - additional branch in 37% of people (trifurcation)

Question 31

What determines coronary artery dominance?

Answer 31

The artery that supplies the posterior third

If supplied by:

RCA = right-dominant
CX = left-dominant
Both = co-dominant

Question 32

Blood Supplies of Left Ventricle

Answer 32

• LAD - anterior, anterio-septal, septal, apical anterior, apical inferior
• CX - mid posterior, lateral,
• PDA - inferior, basal posterior