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Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 > Regulation of Respiration - Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Regulation of Respiration - Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Neurogenic Regulation work?

A
  • Nervous System manages arterial O2 & CO2
  • Adjusts Ventilation Rate
  • ABG’s not really affected by Exercise or Stress
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2
Q

What are the Major Groups of Neurons in the Brainstem?

A
  1. Dorsal Respiratory Group - primary control of breathing
  2. Ventral Respiratory Group
  3. Pneumotaxic Center
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3
Q

List 1 -6

A
  1. Pneumotaxic Center
  2. Apneutstic Center
  3. VRG (Expiration & Inspiration)
  4. Respiratory Pathways
  5. DRG (Inspiration)
  6. Fourth Ventricle
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4
Q

List 1 -3

A
  1. DRG
  2. VRG
  3. VRG
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5
Q

What are the Functions of the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A
  • Inspiration & Respiratory Rhythm
  • Receives surrounding signal to help control respiration
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6
Q

Where is the Dorsal Respiratory Group located?

A

Along the length of the medulla inside the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius

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7
Q

What delivers Sensory Information to the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

Vagal (X) & Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerves

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8
Q

What are the peripheral signal sources of the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A
  1. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors
  3. Lung Receptors
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9
Q

How does the Dorsal Respiratory Group generate breathing rhythm?

A

Neurons emit repetitive bursts of inspiratory action potential

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10
Q

What is the Inspiratory RAMP Signal?

A
  • Motor signal from DRG to Diaphragm - NOT instant
  • Weak signal that steadily “ramps” up for 2 seconds to contract diaphgram (Inspiration)
  • Signal suddenly stops for next 3 seconds for diaphragm relaxation (expiration)
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11
Q

What is the advantage of the RAMP Signal?

A

Allows for a steady increase in inspiratory volume

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12
Q

What ways is the RAMP Signal controlled?

A

Two Ways

  1. Rate of RAMP signal increases
    • signal increases faster w/ activity
  2. Limiting Point - when RAMP stops
    • the sooner the RAMP stops, the shorter the inspiratory time
    • shortens expiratory time
    • ↑RR
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13
Q

Where is the Pneumotaxic Center located?

A

Dorsally in the Nucleus Parabrachialis of Upper Pons

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14
Q

What does the Pneumotaxic Center do?

A
  • Limits Inspiration Phase & Increase RR
  • Controls Switch Off point of Inspiration
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15
Q

What does the Pneumotaxic Center’s strength of inhibition determine?

A

Duration of filling phase & Rate of Breathing Cycle

  • Strong Signal =
    • ↓Inspiration Time (0.5 sec) & ↑RR (30-40 bpm)
  • Weak Signal =
    • ↑Inspiration Time (5 sec) & ↓RR (3-5 bpm)
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16
Q

Where is the Ventral Respiration Group located?

A

Medulla - Anterior & Lateral to DRG

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17
Q

What does the Ventral Respiration Group do?

A

VRG Stimulation = expiration & inspiration

Important during Exercise

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18
Q

What does the Ventral Respiration Group consist of?

A

Nucleus Ambiguus Rostrally

Nucleus RetroAmbiguus Caudally

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19
Q

Which Respiratory Group is Inactive during normal quiet breathing?

A

Ventral Respiration Group

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20
Q

Which Respiration Group does NOT participate in breathing rhythm?

A

Ventral Respiration Group

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21
Q

What Respiration Group contributes to respiratory drive?

A

Ventral Respiration Group - to increase pulmonary ventilation

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22
Q

Which Respiration Group stimulates abdominal muscles for forced exhalation?

A

Ventral Respiration Group

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23
Q

What sends signals to the DRG to prevent the switch-off of inspiratory RAMP stimuli?

A

Apneustic Center

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24
Q

What works with the Pneumotaxic Center to control Inspiration Intensity?

A

Apneustic Center

25
Q

What limits the over-inflation of the lungs?

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex - a protective feedback reflex

26
Q

How does the Hering-Breuer Reflex work?

A
  • Stretch receptors in the bronchi & bronchiole muscles send signals to the DRG when the lung is overstretched
  • Switches off Inspiratory RAMP to stop inflation
  • Increases RR
27
Q

At what Tidal Volume does the Hering-Breuer Reflex activate?

A

> 1.5L

28
Q

The stretch receptors of the Hering-Breuer Reflex sends signals to the DRG through which nerve?

A

Vagus Nerve

29
Q

How does the Respiratory Control signals know when to decrease or increase Intensity?

A

Intensity increases & decreases to match Ventilatory Needs

30
Q

Excess ______ or H+ in the blood act ______ on the respiratory center to increase strength of inspiratory & expiratory motor signals

A

Excess Carbon Dioxide in blood act directly on respiratory center

31
Q

How is Oxygen involved in Chemical Control of Respiration?

A

Oxygen does NOT have direct effect on Respiratory Centers

Acts on Peripheral Chemoreceptors in Carotid & Aortic Bodies

32
Q

The highly sensitive area on the ventral medulla that responds to PCO2 changes is also known as?

A

Chemo-Sensitive Area of Brain

33
Q

Hydrogen Ions

A
  • Direct stimulus to chemosensitive neurons
  • Hard to cross Blood Brain Barrier
  • Has less effect than blood CO2
34
Q

Effects of Blood CO2

A
  • Potent direct effect on chemosensitive area via H+
  • Highly permeable to Blood Brain Barrier
35
Q

How does CO2 stimulate respiratory center in the brain?

A
  1. CO2 goes to brain, reacts with H2O to form Carbonic Acid
  2. Carbonic acid breaks down to H+ & Bicarb
  3. H+ stimulates respiratory center
36
Q

How is CO2 stimulation effected by chronic exposure?

A
  • Stimulation decreases by 1/5 after 1-2 days of CO2 exposure
  • Due to renal adjustment of H+ back to normal
  • COPD pts have blunted CO2 response
37
Q

Changes in CO2 has a potent _______ effect on controlling respiration drive, but a weak ______ effect after a few days.

A

CO2 has a potent acute effect, but a weak chronic effect

38
Q

What drastically increases ventilation?

A

Increased CO2 > 35 mmHg

Decreased pH = small ventilation increase

10x less ventilation change with pH of 7.4

39
Q

Why is the respiratory center not affected by oxygen changes as drastically as it responds to PCO2 changes?

A

Large O2 reserve created by Hemoglobin-Oxygen Buffer System

40
Q

At what PO2 does the peripheral chemoreceptors sense Blood Oxygen levels?

A

PO2 < 70 mmHg

41
Q

Which nerves are associated with Carotid Bodies

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

Common Carotid Bifurcations

42
Q

Which nerves are associated with Aortic Bodies?

A

Vagus Nerve (X)

43
Q

What other cells may function as chemoreceptors that stimulate nerve endings?

A

Glomus Cells

44
Q

What happens when you are at significantly higher levels of elevation?

A
  • Respiratory centers lose PCO2 & pH sensitivty over 2 days
  • Oxygen drives respiratory center
  • Ventilation increases > 400% in response to low PaO2
45
Q

With acidosis, Ventilation increases much faster at _______ levels of PaCO2 then it would at normal pH or alkalosis

A

Ventilation increases faster while acidodic at lower levels of PaCO2

46
Q

How much does exercise increase O2 Consumption & CO2 formation?

A

20x

47
Q

What is the relationship between Alveolar Ventilation & Metabolism during exercise?

A

Direct & Linear Relationship

PO2, PCO2 & pH stays normal

48
Q

What causes increase in Ventilation during Exercise?

A
  • Brain sends collateral impulses to brainstem & motor impulses to contracting muscles - VRG
  • Joint & Muscles movement
  • Hypoxia in muscles
49
Q

Neurogenic vs Chemical factors during Exercise

A

Neurogenic = stimulate respiratory to supply O2 & remove CO2

Chemical = adjusts respiratory control to keep CO2 & pH normal

50
Q

How is Voluntary Respiration Controlled?

A

From Cortex down through spine, NOT through Respiratory Center

51
Q

What are Irritant Receptors?

A

Sensitive nerve endings that are stimulated by noxious environmental products - cough, sneeze, asthma, emphysema

52
Q

What are J Receptors?

A

Sensory never endings next to pulmonary capillaries.

Stimulated by blood & edema - gives feeling of dyspnea

53
Q

How does head trauma affect Respiration?

A

Brain edema depresses respiratory center

Treatment: mechanical hyperventilation & hypertonic diuresis

54
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

Short deep breaths then absent breaths

55
Q

What causes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A
  • Low Cardiac Output - long delay in transport of blood from lungs to brain
  • Brain Damage - increased negative feedback due to hypoxia
56
Q

O2 acts ______ on peripheral receptors

A

Indirectly

57
Q

Direct effect of CO2 & pH is ______ times more powerful, but peripheral stimulation occurs _____ times more rapidly

A

Direct effect is 7x more powerful

Peripheral stimulation is 5x more rapid

58
Q

At normal CO2 & pH, when does is PO2 significant for ventilatory drive

At what PaO2 does ventilation double?

A

Significant when PaO2 < 100 mmHg

Ventilation doubles at < 60 mmHg

Lower PO2 = Increase in ventilation drive 5x

Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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