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Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 > Gas transport - Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Gas transport - Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Tissue Oxygenation?

A

Process of moving O2 & CO2 in and out of body tissues

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2
Q

Distance of diffusion before it gets too slow?

A

> 100 micrometers

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3
Q

What are the Types of Hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic Hypoxia
  2. Stagnant (Ischemic) Hypoxia
  3. Anemic Hypoxia
  4. Histotoxic Hypoxia
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4
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia

A

Not enough O2 uptake from lungs to blood (Low PO2)

EX: COPD

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5
Q

What is Stagnant Hypoxia

A

Ischemic Hypoxia (Low Perfusion)

Not enough blood flow to organ

EX: Arteriosclerosis PVD

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6
Q

What is Anemic Hypoxia?

A

Not enough blood oxygen carrying capacity (Low HGB)

EX: Inactivated HGB

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7
Q

What is Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

Inteference with Mitochondrial Respiration

Ex: Cyanide Poisoning

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8
Q

What proteins carry the most O2?

A

Hemoglobin

Normal: 150g/L or 15g/dL

Carries 65x more O2 than plasma

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9
Q

Hemoglobin Characteristics

A

4 subunits = 2 alpha + 2 beta

Four Heme Groups - Iron-Porphyrin at O2 binding site

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10
Q

What is the Normal Adult Hgb Configuration?

A

Normal Adult = HbA = a2B2

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11
Q

What is the only thing that can bind to O2 in an iron containing porphyrin ring?

A

Ferrous Iron (Fe2+)

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12
Q

How many goblin protein chains can each heme combine with?

A

One

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13
Q

How much O2 can each gm of Hemoglobin carry?

A

1.31 - 1.39 mL of O2

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14
Q

What is Oxyhemoglobin?

A

When O2 is binds with hemoglobin.

Binds reversibly

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15
Q

How fast does binding and unbinding of Hgb to O2 happen?

A

Milliseconds

Important for gas exchange

Loose bonds b/t Fe2+ & O2

Oxygen carried in molecular state

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16
Q

What is the shape of the HbO2 equilibrium curve?

A

Sigmoid

Rxn b/t four heme groups

Heme group’s O2 binding capacity enhancement

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17
Q

O2 Saturation = ? PaO2

100% =

95% =

90% =

75% =

60% =

50% =

A

100% = 100

95% = 75

90% = 60

75% = 40 (mixed venous blood in pulm artery)

60% = 30

50% = 27

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18
Q

Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve:

pH: Up

CO2: Down

DPG: Down

Temp: Down

A

Left Shift - Holds on to O2 for greater transport

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19
Q

Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve:

pH: Down

CO2: Up

DPG: Up

Temp: Up

A

Right Shift - Enhances release and uptake of O2 (Bohr Effect)

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20
Q

Ligands

A

Iron attracted more to ligands than to O2

EX: Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxide

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21
Q

What is the initial pressure difference that causes O2 to diffuse into pulmonary capillary?

A

104 - 40 - 64 mmHg

22
Q

What happens when O2 is used by the cells?

A

Virtually all of it becomes CO2 , increasing PCO2 –> causes it to diffuse to capillaries –> then to lungs to be expired

23
Q

Why does blood in the lung require less time to become fully oxygenated during exercise?

A

Diffusion capacity increases 3x due to increased surface area (recruitment)

24
Q

How is tissue PO2 determined?

A

Balance between

Rate of O2 Transport to tissues

and

Rate of O2 used by tissues

25
Q

Why is the pressure difference needed for CO2 diffusion A LOT less than that of O2?

A

CO2 diffuses 20x faster

(Alveolar CO2 is 40, capillary CO2 is 45… only 5 mmHg difference)

26
Q

How much O2 is carried by 100 mL of plasma?

A

0.003 mL of O2

27
Q

What is the max amount of O2 can Heme carry in a normal man and woman?

A

Man: 20 mL O2 per 100 mL of blood

Woman: 19 mL O2 per 100 mL of blood

28
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to Hemoglobin?

A

Four

29
Q

What is Oxygen Saturation?

A

Ratio of bound Oxygen to Total amt that can be bound to Hgb

30
Q

What is Oxygen Capacity

A

Max amount of O2 bound to Hgb

31
Q

What is shunt flow and how does it effect the blood entering the left heart?

A

The 2% of blood that came from aorta supplying the deep lung tissues.

Mixes with pulm. venous blood dropping PO2 from 104 mmHg to 95 mmHg

32
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Iron attracted 250x more than it does Oxygen

Doesnt separate readily

Needs hours for body to get rid of it

33
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Binds 200k times stronger

Irreversible Binding

Used to treat Pulm. HTN

34
Q

What is Methemoglobinemia?

A

Condition where the Hemoglobin CANNOT let go of oxygen

Treat with Methylene Blue

35
Q

Which way does oxygen dissociation curve shift with PRBCs or stored blood?

A

Left Shift d/t decrease in DPG

36
Q

How to calculate O2 content (CaO2) in blood?

A

CaO2 = (SO2 x [Hgb] x 1.31) + (PO2 x 0.003)

SO2 = O2 Sat (%)

37
Q

How to calculate Oxygen Delivery (DO2)

A

CaO2 x CO

38
Q

How do muscle cells, Myoglobin, relate to O2

A

Has increased infinity for O2 at lower PO2

​and

Temporarily stores O2 in muscle

39
Q

What reduces Hgb’s ability to transport O2?

A

Cardiac Output

Anemia

40
Q

What is the volatile waste product of Cellular Metabolism

A

Carbon Dioxide

41
Q

What is converted to CO2 to be exhaled in the lungs?

A

Carbonic Acid

42
Q

What is the Total Amount of CO2 transported in the blood?

A

200 mL/min of CO2 made in resting adult

x6 for exercise

43
Q

What is the average amount of CO2 transported to lungs?

A

4 mL per 100mL of blood

44
Q

What is the function of the large amount of CO2 that remains in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate Buffer

Maintenance of Hydrogen Ion Concentration

85%

45
Q

CO2 Transport

A
  1. Tissues use O2 and Produce CO2
  2. CO2 + H2O (Carbonic Anhydrase) –> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
  3. H2CO3 splits into H+ & HCO3- (Bicarb)
  4. Bicarb exits cell, Cl- enters to balance
  5. Cell goes to Pulmonary Capillary
  6. Cl- exits and Bicarb Re-Enters
  7. HCO3- (Bicarb) + H+ –> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
  8. Carbonic Anyhydrase splits H2CO3 –> CO2 + H2O
  9. CO2 leaves cell and goes into Alveoli
46
Q

Bohr Effect

A
  • Increase in CO2 causes O2 displacement
  • Right shift
  • Increase in H+ ion
  • Increase in Carbonic Acid
47
Q

Haldane Effect

A
  • O2 + Hgb displaces CO2 from blood
  • Hgb is stronger acid, makes it less likely to combine with CO2
  • Releases exces Hydrogen Ions
48
Q

What is the metabolic arteriovenous O2 difference in Respiratory Gas Transportation?

A

50 mL/L

49
Q

What is the metabolic arteriovenous CO2 difference in Respiratory Gas Transportation

A

40 mL/L

50
Q

What is the PO2 in the Tissue?

A

10 mmHg

51
Q

What is the PCO2 in the Tissue

A

50 mmHg

52
Q

Percentages of the Different Ways CO2 is Transported

A
  • CO2: 7%
  • Hgb - CO2: 23%^
  • HCO3-: 70%

Spring 2020 - Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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