Respiratory - Anatomy of Coughing - Week 3 Flashcards
Explain the mechanism of coughing.
Stimulation of mucosa in the respiratory tract, deep inspiration using diaphragm & accessory muscles of inspiration, adduction of vocal chords to close rima glottidis, contraction of the anteroabdominal wall, opening of vocal cords via abduction, soft palate closes off entrance to nasopharynx, cough released
Coughing is triggered by stimulation of sensory receptors in…
oropharyngeal, laryngopharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa
Which Cranial nerve receptors are stimulated in sneezing?
CN V1, CN V2, CN X
Which cranial nerve receptors are stimulated in coughing?
CN IX and CN X
What are the carotid sheaths?
Protective tubes in the deep fascia of the neck
Which structures are contained within the carotid sheaths?
Vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein
Respiratory mucosa is found from…
Trachea to bronchioles
How do motor axons travel to the lungs?
Travel from the tracheal bifurcation along the respiratory tree to supply all mucous glands & bronchiolar smooth muscle
Explain the path of pulmonary visceral afferents.
From visceral pleura & respiratory tree to the plexus and follow the vagus nerve to the medulla
The pectoralis major attaches…
Between the ribs/sternum & humerous
Dyspnoea is…
Difficulty breathing
What is the role of the pectoralis minor?
Pulls ribs 3-5 superiorly towards the coracoid process of the scapula
Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach?
Between the sternum/clavicle and the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Where do the scalenus anterior, medius & posterior attach?
cervical vertebrae & ribs 1 & 2
What is meant by the rima glottidis?
Space between the vocal folds (chords)
Explain how the vocal cords adduct during a cough reflex.
Voluntary muscles in the larynx contract due to innervation supplied by somatic motor neurones from the Vagus nerve (CN X)
The vagus nerve (CN X) connects with the CNS at…
the medulla oblongata
The vagus nerve (CN X) passes through the…
Jugular foramen
The vagus nerve passes down the neck through the…
Carotid sheath
Explain how the CN X passes down after the carotid sheath.
Posterior to the lung root, supplying parasympathetic axons to chest organs & the lungs via the pulmonary plexus. Go on to supply foregut & midgut by passing through the diaphragm on the oesophagus
What is the role of contraction of abdominal muscles in the cough reflex?
Build up intra-abdominal pressure inferior to the adducted vocal cords
The ‘abs’ are called…
Rectus abdominus
Name the lateral abdominal muscles from superficial to deep.
L/R external oblique, L/R internal oblique, L/R transversus abdominus
What do the external oblique muscles form on the anterior surface?
Aponeurosis (flattened tendon)
Where does the external oblique attach?
To the ribs superiorly (invaginates with the serratus anterior) then to the iliac crest & the pubic tubercle
The point on the external oblique where muscle fibres end and aponeurosis begins is called…
Linea Semilunaris
What does the internal oblique form at the anterior face?
Aponeurosis
Where does the internal oblique attach?
Inferior border of the ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
At the anterior face, the transversus abdominus forms…
Aponeurosis
Where does the transversus abdominus attach?
Deep aspect of the lower ribs, iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia
The rectus abdominus is surrounded by…
Internal oblique aponeurosis
Where do the thoracoabdominal nerves come from?
From the 7th to 11th intercostal spaces between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
Which thoracoabdominal nerve is the T12 anterior ramus?
Subcostal nerve
Which thoracabdominal nerves form part of the anterior ramus of L1?
iliohypogastric nerve & ilioinguinal
What function of the abdominal muscles helps to maintain posture & support the vertebral column?
Tonic (low level) contractions
Contractions of abdominal muscles are necessary for…
Defecation, micturition, labour
