Principles - Anatomy 06 - Bones & Fractures Flashcards
What is ossification?
Bone formation
What is meant by endochondrial ossification?
Hyaline cartilage develops a boney surface meaning that nutrients from blood cannot diffuse into it. Cells start to die and send out signals which promote the formation of blood vessels. Osteocytes arrive at the area to bring about endochondrial ossification.
State the regions of a bone from top to bottom.
Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis
What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plates?
location of ossification (new bone production)
What is the outer section of a bone called?
Outer cortex
What is the inner section of a bone called?
Inner medulla
What is the outer cortex composed of?
Cortical bone
What is the inner medulla composed of?
Cancellous/trabecular bone or bone marrow
What is the connective tissue sleeve which surrounds bones called?
Periosteum
Why does breakage in the periosteum cause extreme pain?
It is vascularised
What kinds of nutrient vessels are found in the medullary cavity?
Arteries, veins and capillaries and lymphatic vessels
State two common fractures.
Neck of Femur (NOF) and clavicle
Why are NOF fractures common?
It is a less compact bone and is also angled
How are most clavicle fractures achieved?
Falling on outstretched arm
Explain how a fracture heals.
A callus of new bone forms around the fracture and the bone undergoes callus remodelling which allows the bone to go back to its original shape.
Which part of the bone contains sensory neurons?
Periosteum
What is meant by reduction of a fracture?
Bone ends are aligned surgically
What is meant by fixation of a fracture?
Bone ends held in place using screws/plates
What is meant by a bony feature?
A section of bone which protrudes slightly
Give an example of a bony feature.
Tuberosity of the humerous
What is a bony feature as a hole for nerves etc to pass through called?
Foramen
Why may bony features develop?
As a result of other developing structures applying pressure to the developing bone
Name the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity.
Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa
State the 3 components of the axial skeleton.
Skull, neck, bones of the trunk
State the 3 components of the appendicular skeleton.
Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
How are the bones of the face and cranial vault separated?
By drawing a line posterior to the eyes and anterior to the ear
What are the bones of the face termed?
Viscerocranium
What are the bones of the cranial vault termed?
Neurocranium
Name all of the bones in the neurocranium.
Occipital bone, left and right parietal bones, left and right temporal bones, frontal bone, right and left sphenoid bones
Name the bones of the viscerocranium.
Mandible, right and left nasal bones, left and right zygoma, left and right maxilla
What is meant by a Le Fort I fracture?
Maxilla fractured
What is meant by a Le Fort II fracture?
Maxilla and Zygoma fractured
What is meant by a Le Fort III fracture?
Full separation of the viscerocranium from the neurocranium
Name the bony features of the mandible from front to back.
Mental process, mental foramen, body, angle, ramus, coronoid process
How many vertebrae are there in total?
33
Name the 5 different types of vertebrae in the adult spine.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
How many cervical vertebrae are there in an adult spine?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in an adult spine?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in an adult spine?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there in an adult spine?
5
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in an adult spine?
4 - then fuses to 1
How many primary and secondary curvatures does the adult spine have?
2 primary, 2 secondary
A typical vertbrae is composed of…
A vertebral body and a vertebral arch
What is the purpose of a vertebral body?
To carry weight
Name all of the processes which come off of the vertebral arch.
Transverse processes (x2), spinous process, inferior articular processes (x2), superior articular processes (x2)
Which processes join together to make a facet joint between 2 vertebrae?
articular
What are the spaces between vertebrae called?
intervertebral foramenae
What feature do all of the cervical vertebrae have in common?
All have a vertebral foramen
How does C1 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?
It does not have a vertebral body but instead has posterior and anterior arches
How does C2 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?
Has an odontoid process which projects superiorly
How does C7 differ from the other cervical vertebrae?
First palpable process in most people
Which cervical vertebrae are slightly different to the others?
C1, C2, C7
What is meant by the term ‘true ribs’?
Attach via costal cartilage to the sternum
What is meant by the term ‘false ribs’?
Attach to the costal cartilage below the sternum
Ribs which do not attach to costal cartilage are called…
Floating ribs
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Scapulae and clavicles
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
hip bones and sacrum
Between the shoulder joint and elbow is called the…
arm
Between the elbow and wrist is called the…
forearm
Distal to the wrist is called the…
Hand
Between the hip and knee is called the…
thigh
Between the knee and ankle is called the…
leg
Distal to the ankle is called…
Foot
The bone in the arm is called the…
Humerous
The bones in the forearm are called the…
Radius and ulna
The carpal bones are found in the…
wrist
The metacarpals are found in…
the palm of the hand
The phalanges are found in…
Fingers/toes
The bone of the thigh is called…
femur
The bones of the leg are..
Tibia and fibula
The tarsal and metatarsal bones are found in…
the foot
