Respiratory

Question 1

When diagnosing RAO, hyperresonance may be detected upon thoracic percussion. This indicates that:

a. Alveoli are more distended because increased bronchoconstriction keeps air trapped in them
b. The horse has emphysema
c. Bronchioles are more distended because increased bronchodilation keeps air trapped in them
d. Alveoli have ruptured

Answer 1

a. Alveoli are more distended because increased bronchoconstriction keeps air trapped in them

Question 2

Contagious disease in small ruminant. Clinical signs include respiratory distress, nasal discharge, skull deformations and sometimes exophtalmia. What is the disease? What is the reason for the skull deformation?

Answer 2

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (retrovirus) Skull deformation ocurrs secondary to development of a tumor. The neoplasia is presumplty origined at the nasal glands (respiratory and olfactory mucosal glands)

Question 3

The volume of air in a normal breath is called: a) Total lung capacity b) Vital capacity c) Tidal volume d) Residual volume

Answer 3

c) Tidal volume

Question 4

The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of: a) Carbon monoxide in the blood b) Carbon dioxide in the blood c) Oxygen in the blood d) Carbonic acid in the blood

Answer 4

b) Carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 5

Which are three important Gram (-) bacteria that are part of the bovine respiratory disease complex? a) Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida b) Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni c) Mycoplasma bovis, Histophilus somni and Streptococcus sp. d) Trueperella Pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida

Answer 5

b) Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni All a concern for endotoxemia, Gram (-) aerobic bacteria

Question 6

Which of the following does not shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?

a. Acidemia
b. Hypercapnia
c. Hypothermia
d. Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

Answer 6

c. Hypothermia

Question 7

The definition of Functional Residual Capacity is:

a. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
b. The volume of air in the lungs at the end-expiratory tidal position.
c. The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from resting end-expiratory tidal position.
d. The maximum volume of air exhaled from the maximum inspiratory level.

Answer 7

b. The volume of air in the lungs at the end-expiratory tidal position.

Question 8

Which of the following will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to the right?

a. Increased pH
b. Decreased temperature
c. Decreased CO2
d. Increase 2,3-biphosphoglycerate

Answer 8

d. Increase 2,3-biphosphoglycerate

The production of 2,3-BPG is likely an important adaptive mechanism (it increases for several conditions). It increases in the presence of diminished peripheral tissue O2 availability, such as hypoxaemia, chronic lung disease, anaemia, and congestive heart failure, among others. High levels of 2,3-BPG shift the curve to the right , while low levels of 2,3-BPG cause a leftward shift, seen in states such as septic shock, and hypophosphataemia.

Question 9

The primary secretagogue stimulating secretion of mucins in the normal airway is:

a. Histamine
b. ATP
c. Acetylcholine
d. Serotoni

Answer 9

b. ATP

Question 10

Interpret the following BAL result in this 10-year-old Tennessee Walking gelding with chronic cough and poor performance.

Lymphocytes: 19%

Macrophages: 10.2

Neutrophils: 71.4%

Mast cells: 0.32% %

Eosinophils: 0.03%

a. RAO
b. IAD
c. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
d. Pneumonia

Answer 10

a. RAO