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Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spectrum of chloramphenicol?

A

Board: Gram +, Gram -, anaerobes

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2
Q

Name an alpha 2 receptor antagonist.

A

Atipamezole

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3
Q

What is the MOA of cephalopsorins?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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4
Q

What is the MOA of ketoconazole?

A

Imidazole
Fungistatic
Inhibitis P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth
Malassesize and dermatophytes

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5
Q

What is the MOA of metaclopramide?

A

Dopamine (D2) antagonist
Serotonin 5HT4 agonist
Increased GES tone, increased stomach emptying and increased motility in proximal SI

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6
Q

What is the MOA of fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)

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7
Q

What are the common SE of digoxin?

A

GI (vomiting and anorexia) and Arryhthmias (ventricular bigeminy)

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8
Q

What is the MOA of dobutamine?

A

B1 adrenergic effects, Potent + inotrope = Activates adenyly cyclase and cAMP production

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9
Q

Name a gastroprotectant and how it works?

A

Sucralfate - Dissociated to Al(OH)3 + sucrose octasulfate = Binds to ulcerated tissue and inhibits pepsin, stimulates local PG synthesis

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10
Q

What is the MOA of ondansetron and where does it work?

A

Blocks 5-HT3 receptors
Cats - Vomiting Center in brain (central)
Dogs - GIT (peripheral)

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11
Q

What are heparin be reversed with?

A

Protamine

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12
Q

What is the MOA of furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic - Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter on thick ascending loop of Henle
= Loss of K+ Mg+ and C2+

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13
Q

Which diuretic can result in facial excoritation in 30% of cats?

A

Spironolactone

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14
Q

Which diuretic works in proximal tubule?

A

Carbonic anhydase inhibitor

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15
Q

In regards to Ca channel blockers what is the difference btwn DHPs and nonDHPs?

A

NonDHPs (Dilitazem) = Greater effect on nodal tissue and mycoardium
DHP (amlodipine) = Strong selectivity for vascular smooth muscle

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16
Q

Which antiemetic is preferred for renal failure in dogs?

A

Metoclopramide

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17
Q

Why is dobutamine effective for hours to days?

A

Downregulation of adrenergic receptors (B1)

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18
Q

What is the bracking effect of diuretics?

A

Decreased diuretic effect due to RASS activation

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19
Q

What is the MOA of low molecular weight heparin?

A

Shorter molecules - don’t bind thrombin

Inhibit Factor Xa

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20
Q

What are Class III antiarrhythmics?

A

K channel blockers = Sotalol, amiodarone

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21
Q

What is a thiazide diuretic and what is its MOA?

A

hydrochlorothiazide = Inhibits Na+/Cl- cotransporter in distal convoluted tubule
Enhance Ca2+ resorption

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22
Q

What receptors are located in the vestibular apparatus?

A

M
Cats - goes to vomiting center
Dogs = goes to CRTZ
Triggers by motion sickness

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23
Q

What is diuretic tolerance?

A

Increased Na absoprtion due to hypertrophy of distal nephron

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24
Q

What antiemetic can be used in many and varied used in dogs and cats?

A

Maropitant

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25
Q

What is chlorpheniramine?

A

Antihistamine

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26
Q

What is an example of a synthetic prostaglandin?

A

Misoprostol

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27
Q

What type of abx is cefovecin (Convenia)?

A

3rd generation cephalosporin

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28
Q

What are Class I antiarrhythmics?

A

Na Blockers
Quinidine, procainamide (shortens AP duration)
Lidocaine/mexilitine (prolongs AP duration)

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29
Q

What are in the inputs to the CRTZ?

A

Located in floor of 4th ventricle (area postrema)

Blood = Xylazine (Cat), apomorphine (dog), toxins, uremia, drugs

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30
Q

What is the MOA of fenbendazole?

A

Binds to nematode dimeric tubulin = Prevents cell divison = death

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31
Q

What are the main inputs to the vomiting center in the reticular formation in brain?

A

Cerebral cortex (anxiety, fear, etc)
Vestibular Apparatus (CATS ONLY)
GIT (vagus and sympatetic nn)
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (blood)

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32
Q

Name a 5-HT3 antagonist.

A

Ondansetron, Dolasetron

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33
Q

Which diuretic works in distal tubule?

A

Thiazides

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34
Q

Which antiemetic is a VERY effective centrally acting antiemetic in BOTH cats and dogs?

A

Chlorpromazine

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35
Q

Name an antifungal that can cross the BBB/B-CSF Barrier?

A

Fluconazole

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36
Q

Which ABX can cross blood -prostate barrier?

A

TMS, fluoroquinolones

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37
Q

What antiemetic is NOT good in cats for anti-vomiting but can be used to promote gastric motility in cats?

A

Metoclopramide

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38
Q

What is the MOA of terbinafine?

A

Allylamine antifungal
Fungicidal
Decreased ergosterol synthesis in cell membrane

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39
Q

Which heartworm medication can be used as microfilaridicide?

A

Milbemycin

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40
Q

What should be monitored with warfarin?

A

PT and INR

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41
Q

What is the difference btwn the different generations of cephalosporins?

A

Increased activity against Gram -, same Gram + coverage in all

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42
Q

What receptors are in the GIT?

A

NK1 and 5-HT3

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43
Q

What electrolytes are lost with loop diuretics?

A

Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, H

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44
Q

What is the MOA of fluconazole?

A

Triazole
Fungistatic
Inhibits P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth

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45
Q

Which ACEi are prodrugs?

A

Enalapril and benazepril (Class 2)

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46
Q

What is the MOA of macrolides?

A

Binds to 50S ribosome = Blocks protein synthesis by interfering with peptidyltransferase
Tylosin (narrow spectrum)
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin

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47
Q

Which diuretic works in collecting ducts?

A

K+ sparing = Spironolactone

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48
Q

What is the MOA of metronidazole?

A

Intermediate product injures DNA = Kills organism

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49
Q

Which ABX can cross BBB/blood-CSF barrier?

A

Metronidazole, fluoroquinolones, chlormaphenicol, Trimethoprim

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50
Q

What is the MOA of lincosamides, name an example?

A

Binds to 50S ribosome = Blocks protein synthesis by interfering with peptidyltransferase
Clindamycin (narrow spectrum = G+, Mycoplasma, anaerobes)

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51
Q

What is the MOA of vancomycin?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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52
Q

What is MOA of hydromorphone in dogs?

A

H1 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in dog

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53
Q

Name a H1 antagonist.

A

Diphenydramine

Meclizine

54
Q

What are Class IV antiarrhythmics?

A

Ca channel blockers
Amlodipine (DHPs)
Diltiazem (non-DHPs)

55
Q

Which drugs are bactericidal and time dependent?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
TMS

56
Q

Which abx is good for Mycoplasma?

A

Doxycycline (tetracycline)

57
Q

What electrolyte abnormality can increased digoxin effects?

A

Hypokalemia

58
Q

What is the MOA of clavamox?

A

Penicillin + Beta-lactamase inhibitor = Expends spectrum anaerobes

59
Q

What is the MOA of ACEi?

A

Blocks conversion of ATI into ATII

60
Q

What is the MOA of mitotane?

A

Selective destruction of zona fasiculata and reticularis

61
Q

What is amiloride and triameterene?

A

K+ sparing diuretics
Act in DCT and CD
Block Na-H exchanger

62
Q

What is the MOA of theophylline?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor = increased cAMP = bronchial dilation

63
Q

What is the MOA of praziquantel?

A

Anticestodal/Antitrematodal

Related to increased Ca2+ flux

64
Q

Name an alpha 2 receptor agonist.

A

Medetomidine

65
Q

What is the MOA of ivermectin?

A

GABA agonist = Paralysis of parasite

66
Q

What is the MOA of pyrantel and its spectrum?

A

Nicotinic agonist = MM constraction, tonic paralysis

Hooks and ascarids

67
Q

Which abx classes inhibit protein synthesis?

A 
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamide
68
Q

What 3 receptors are found in the vomiting center in the brain?

A

5-HT3, a2, NK1

Reticular formation

69
Q

What is the MOA of tetracyclines?

A

Binds to 30S ribsome = Blocks tRNA from binding to mRNA = Inhibits protein synthesis

70
Q

Which Abx are bacteriostatic and time dependent?

A

Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamides

71
Q

Which diuretic works in loop of Henle?

A

Loop diuretic - Lasix

72
Q

What is the MOA of cisapride?

A

Serotonin 5HT4 agonist

Prokinetic ENTIRE GIT

73
Q

What is the MOA of xylazine?

A

a2 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in cat

74
Q

Name an NK1 antagonist.

A

Maropitant

75
Q

What is the MOA of itrazconazole?

A

Triazole
Fungistatic
Inhibits P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth
Blast, Coccidioides, Histo

76
Q

In dogs where does the output from the vestibular system go?

A

to the CRTZ

77
Q

Which spp is fenbendazole not approved for?

A

Cats - Can’t conjugate it

78
Q

Name 2 selective COX-2 inhibitors.

A

Deracoxib and Firocoxib

79
Q

What are platelets not affected by COX2 inhibitors?

A

TxA2 is entirely COX1 mediated in platelets

80
Q

What is the MOA of sotalol?

A

K channel blocker and Nonspecific B blocker

81
Q

Name a CA Inhibitor and its MOA?

A

Acetazolamide - Blocks reabsoprtion of NaHCO3 = Not used as diuretic

82
Q

What is a K+ sparing diuretic and what is the MOA?

A

Spironolactone = Blocks aldosterone in late distal tubule and collecting ducts = Na+ loss and K+ not secreted

83
Q

What is the MOA of apomorphine?

A

D2 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in dog

84
Q

What is the MOA of heparin?

A

Binds to antithrombin III

Long molecule that can form complexed with thrombin (FII), IX, X, XI, XII)

85
Q

What is an example of first generation cephalosporin?

A

Cephalexin = Great vs Gram+, less Gram -

86
Q

What is the MOA of diphenhydramine and where does it work?

A

Blocks H1 receptor

Within CRTZ

87
Q

If you see ventricular bigeminy, what toxocity should you think ok?

88
Q

Name an alpha 1 receptor antagonist.

89
Q

What is the mechanism of aspirin?

A

Irreversibly acetylates PLT COX 1»»COX 2 = Decreased prostaglandins and TXA2
Last lifespan of platelet (8-10days)

90
Q

What is the MOA of warfarin?

A

Antagonists of Vitmain K (blocks F 2, 7, 9. 10)

91
Q

Which NSAIDS are relatively selective for COX2 inhibition?

A

Meloxicam, carprofen

92
Q

Name an alpha 1 receptor agonist.

A

Phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine

93
Q

What is the MOA of TMS?

A

Inhibitor of metabolism

94
Q

What is the MOA of clopidogrel?

A

Irreversibly inhibits PLT ADP receptor (P2Y12) and prevents activation of GPIIb/IIIa receptor
Last lifespan of platelet (8-10 days)

95
Q

Which organisms are inherently resistance to gentamicin?

A

Anaerobes - O2 required for transport into cell

96
Q

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibit 20S ribosomal subunit irreversibly = Misreading mRNA

Genatmicin

97
Q

What are Class II antiarrhythmics?

A

Beta Blockers
Selective B1 blocker = Esmolol, atenolol
Nonspecific B1/B2 = Propanolol, sotalol

98
Q

What is the MOA of trilostane?

A

3B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor = inhibits steroid synthesis

99
Q

What is the MOA of digoxin?

A

Positive inotrope by increasing intraceullar Ca2+

Competitively binds to Na-K ATPase pump - Na/C2+ exchanger pumps Na out for Ca2+

100
Q

Which abx are bactericidal and concentration dependent?

A

Aminoglycosides

Fluoroquinolones

101
Q

Name an H1 antagonists.

A

Diphenhydramine

102
Q

What is the MOA of sildenafil?

A

PDE V inhibitor = Catalyzes breakdown of cGMP

Preferential vasodilation of pulmonary vasculature and corpus cavernosum

103
Q

What is the MOA of chlorpromazine and where does it work?

A

Blocks a2 receptors in CRTZ and Vomiting center in dogs and cats

104
Q

Which diuretic may help to decreased myocardial remodeling?

A

Spironolactone

105
Q

Which ABX can cross blood -bronchus barrier?

A

Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, marcolides, chloramphenicol

106
Q

What abx classes inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta Lactams: Penicillins, Cephalosporines, Carbapenems, vancomycin

107
Q

What is the effect of ACEi on arterioles in kidney?

A

Preferential diltation of efferent arteriole

108
Q

What should be monitored with LMWH tx?

A

Anti-Xa levels

109
Q

What antiemetic can be used for primary intestinal disease in BOTH dogs and cats?

A

Ondansetron, Dolasetron

110
Q

What is the MOA of amphotericin?

A

Fungicidal
Binds sterols in fungal cell membrane = Poke holes = More permable
Blasto, Histo, Crypto, Coccidioides, Candida, Asper, Leisgmania

111
Q

What antiemetic is good for motion sickness in dogs?

A

Maropitant

Diphenhydramine

112
Q

What is the MOA of maropitant and where does it work?

A

NK1 receptor blocker

Works in vomiting center, GIT (peripheral), CRTZ

113
Q

What is the MOA of calcium channel blockers?

A

Block L-type Ca channels only

114
Q

Which factor has the shortest T1/2?

A

Factor 7 (2-7 hrs)

115
Q

Name a D2 antagonist.

A

Metoclopramide

116
Q

What is the difference btwn COX1 and COX2?

A

COX 1: Constituitively expressed = Make PGs = Cytoprotective to GIT (Decreased acid production and increased mucous production)
COX 2 - Induced by inflammatory medators = Make PGs = Exert proinflammatory effects

117
Q

What is an example of a 3rd generation cephalosporin?

A

Cefpodoxime (Simplicef) = Good for Staph

Poor for Pseudmonas and Enterococcus

118
Q

What is the spectrum of fenbendazole in dogs/cats?

A

Hooks, ascarids, whips, tapeworms

119
Q

What receptors are located in the abdominal viscera and what do they respond to?

A

NK1, 5-HT3

Inflammation, infection, malignancy, chemo, distension

120
Q

Does pimobendan increased intracellular Ca2+?

A

NO! Just increases sensitivity to existing Ca2+

121
Q

Which abx can be used for intracellular organisms (Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Mycobacterium)?

A

Tetracycline
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolone
Chloramphenico

122
Q

What is the MOA of pimobendan?

A

Balanced inodilator

Increased sensitivity of contraction apparatus (troponin) to existing Ca2+ AND PDE III inhibitor

123
Q

What is the MOA of Beta-Lactam and name a few examples?

A

Disrupts cell wall synthesis (Gram +»>Gram-)

Penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin

124
Q

Which organism are cephalosporins poor at?

A

Pseudomonas

125
Q

What is the MOA of erythromycin for motility?

A

Motilin-like action (increased gastric emptying)

126
Q

What is the MOA of metoclopramide and where does it work?

A

D2 receptor blocker

CRTZ of dog only!

127
Q

What is the MOA of chloramphenicol?

A

Binds to 50S ribosome = Protein synthesis inhibitor

128
Q

What diuretic has a strong effects in the thick, ascending loop of Henle?

A

Loop diuretics 0 Furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide

129
Q

What 6 receptors are located in the chemoreceptor Trigger Zone?

A

D2, a2, NK1, H1, 5-HT3, ENK

130
Q

What can you monitor with heparin tx?

A

aPTT or antiXa

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