JC

Question 1

What is the Bendixen key?

a. A diagnostic method that classifies neutrophils according to the different toxic change and help to establish prognosis in case of sepsis.
b. A equine lymphoma diagnostic method that classifies horses according to the absolute lymphocyte count and age
c. A diagnostic method that classifies neutrophils according to the absolute count of mature and immature granulocyte and help establish prognosis in case of sepsis.
d. A bovine leukemia virus (BLV) diagnostic method that classifies cattle according to the absolute lymphocyte count and age

Answer 1

d. A bovine leukemia virus (BLV) diagnostic method that classifies cattle according to the absolute lymphocyte count and age

Relates degree of lymphocytosis to age in a table and classifies cattle as normal, suspected or leukemic.
BLV causes persistent lympocytosis in cattle.

Question 2

Which of the following findings are associated with cholesterol deficiency, a recently recognized autosomal recessive genetic defect, in Holstein cattle?

a. Chronic diarrhea and low blood triglycerides
b. Failure to thrive and high blood triglycerides
c. Chronic diarrhea and anorexia
d. Failure to thrive and fatty liver

Answer 2

a. Chronic diarrhea and low blood triglycerides

Question 3

Cholangiohepatitis is a rare condition in adult cattle. A recent retrospective study (13 cases) showed that:

a. Prognosis is very poor compare to equine patient
b. Prognosis is excellent: survival rate was 100%
c. Clinical signs included decreased appetite, fever, and icterus in all cases
d. Clinical signs included diarrhea, anasarca, and bloat

Answer 3

a. Prognosis is very poor compare to equine patient

Question 4

Insufficient fibrinolysis in the abdomen of horses with colic may be associated with increased concentrations of these proteins in the peritoneal fluid:

a. Tissue plasminogen activator and fibrinogen
b. D-dimers and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
c. Tissue plasminogen activator and D-dimers
d. Tissue plasminogen activator and platelet activating factor

Answer 4

b. D-dimers and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Question 5

A recent study compared the use of omeprazole and Aloe Vera in EGUS, what dose of Aloe Vera was recommended?

Answer 5

17.6 mg/ kg orally twice a day

Question 6

What is the response (improvement rate) and healing rate of Aloe Vera compared to omeprazole for squamous lesions?

Answer 6

Response or improvement rate was 56% of Aloe Vera compared to 85% in the omeprazole group.
Healing rate was 17% in the Aloe Vera group and 75% in the omeprazole group.

Question 7

What is one risk factor that contributes to lack or reduced healing in horses with ESGD?

Answer 7

Delayed or prolonged gastric emptying

Question 8

What are the most common clinical signs of Actinobacillosis in cattle?

What is the morphology and stain reaction for Actinobacillus spp.?

Answer 8

It usually results in granulomatous abscessation after its entrance to soft tissue through a lesion “wooden or woody tongue”. Sheep are most commonly affected by hard swellings of the lips, often with fistulous tracts.

It is a Gram negative rod that is considered a normal inhabitant of the rumen and mouth of cattle and sheep (probably goats).

Question 9

What other pathologies have been reported with A. lignieresii besides wooden tongue?

Answer 9

Atypical actinobacillosis lesions of cattle can occur in the lips, nose, or lymph nodes of the head or neck or at other sites. Actinobacillosis has also been reported to cause tongue lesions in sheep and horses but appear to be rare in goats.

A report of A. lignieresii was recently made to cause pneumonia and associated cutaneous lesions in hind limbs and udder (potentially affected secondary to the spread of bacteria from cutaneous tissues through the lymphatics.).

Question 10

What is the prevalence of woody tongue on bovines at slaughter?

Answer 10

Prevalence of “woody tongue on bovines at slaughter is from 0.7 - 3.6%

Question 11

What is the best diagnostic test for A. lignieresii? And what secondary methods can be used to confirm?

Answer 11

Diagnosis of actinobacillosis requires biopsy and culture of the lesion. Typical histological lesions (or pus crushed between two glass slides) show pyogranulomatous inflammation with Gram-negative organisms and eosinophils forming “sulfur granules,” “club­ like rosettes” (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon), or “club colonies.” A definitive diagnosis relies on culture.

Identification of A. lignieresii from chronic lesions may be difficult, especially after antibiotic treatment and because phenotypic characterization could be not sufficient to differentiate from other bacteria such as Bibersteinia trehalosi or Mannheimia haemolytica, a partial DNA gene sequencing can be used to identify A. lignieresii.

Question 12

Mention some fungi that can act as environmental aeroallergen and oportunistic pathogen.

Answer 12

Some thermotolerant fungi can grow at both environmental and body temperatures and thus act as both aeroallergens and opportunistic pathogens (Candida, Penicillium, and Aspergillus). When infective, they can further damage their host by producing toxins.

Question 13

Which fungi is the most common causative agent of lung fungal infections in humans?

Answer 13

Aspergillus species.

Fungal pathogenicity in human patients is associated with severe asthma caused by fungal sensitization and patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

Question 14

What are the cytological characteristics in IAD?

Answer 14

Mild to moderate increase in BALF neutrophils, eosinophils, and/or metachromatic cells (mast cell percentage)

Question 15

What are the cytological characteristics in RAO?

Answer 15

Usually shows moderate to severe neutrophilia (>25% cells) and decreased lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage counts

Question 16

What is the cellular count in BALF of normal horses?

Answer 16

Total nucleated cell count ≤530 cells/lL, neutrophils ≤5%, eosinophils ≤1%, and metachromatic cells ≤2%.

Question 17

What is the relationship of fungi and IAD?

Answer 17

Horses with fungal elements on the TW cytology, whether they proliferated or not and whichever fungal species considered, had 2.1-fold more chances of having IAD than horses with no fungi

Question 18

Which were the most common fungi isolated from tracheal wash from horses?

Answer 18

Most commonly isolated fungi in this population were Penicillium (53%), Aspergillus (34%), Rhizomucor (5%), and Candida (5%). Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Muroraceae species (airborne and ubiquitous, classically found in stable air.
Aspergillus is the most common isolated fungi in hay/

(Dauvillier, 2019)

Question 19

How is severity of lung lesion related to performance in cattle?

Answer 19

Severity of lung lesions measured by thoracic Ux was associated with decreased performance and increased relapse rate in commercial feedlot cattle. Maximal depth of lung consolidation was associated with higher risk of relapse (OR - 1.337/cm) and a lower Average Daily Gain (−34 g/cm). Maximal area of lung consolidation also was associated with increased relapse rate.

(Timsit, 2018)

Question 20

When using thoracic Ux in bronchopneumonia in cattle, what are the best negative predictors for negative outcomes?

Answer 20

That maximal depth and area of lung consolidation were the best predictor of negative outcomes.

(Timsit, 2018)

Question 21

What has excess tracheal mucus accumulation been associated with in race horss?

Answer 21

Excess tracheal mucus accumulation has been associated with poor race performance.

Question 22

What are the cytologic characteristics in the BALF of horses with severe equine asthma (RAO)?

Answer 22

Cytology usually shows moderate to severe neutrophilia (>25% cells) and decreased lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage count.

(IAD Consensus 2016)

Question 23

What are the cytologic characteristics in the BALF of horses with IAD?

Answer 23

Regardless of the procedure cytology values include >10% neutrophils, > 5% mast cells and 5% eosinophils.

(IAD Consensus 2016)

Question 24

What would be the expected cell count in a BALF of a normal horse if the procedure was performed with 250mL of infusion fluid?

Answer 24

Normal total nucleated cell count should be <530 cell/microL, with <5% of neutrophils, <1% of eosinophils and <2% of metachromatic cells.

(IAD Consensus 2016)

Question 25

How was cell count associated with performance in a study performed in race horses?

Answer 25

For each percent increase in BALF mast cell and neutrophil proportion, speed figure was reduced by 2.9 and 1.4 points respectively.
Likelihood of winning (finishing first) dropped 9% with each 1% increase in the mast cell proportion.

(Ivester, 2018)

Question 26

How common is equine asthma within the racing thoroughbred population?

Answer 26

Equine asthma appears to be very prevalent in racing thorougbreds, in the (Ivester, 2018) study, mast cell inflamation was most common with over half of the population exhibiting >2% mast cells in BALF.

Question 27

What kind of inhaled particles are associated with mast cell proportions in the BALF?

Answer 27

A statistically but modest effect of β-glucan exposure upon BALF mast cell proportions was seen suggesting a potential hypersensitivity to specific fungal allergens. The size effect was small with a 1.3 fold increase in the mast cell proportion with each 100 pg/m3 increase in β-glucan exposure.

(Ivester, 2018)

Question 28

What type of virus if Equine coronavirus (ECoV)?

Answer 28

ECoV is a single-stranded, positive sense, enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus member of the Coronaviridae family that is associated with outbreaks of enteric disease in adult horses.

(Sanz, 2018)

Question 29

What is the morbidity and mortality of equine coronavirus?

Answer 29

Morbidity ranges fro 10-83% and mortality from 7-27%.

Sanz, 2018

Question 30

What is the seroprevalence of equine coronavirus in the United States?

Answer 30

Seroprevalence in the US is reported to be low <10%

Sanz, 2018

Question 31

How long after infection with equine coronavirus do horses shed?

Answer 31

Clinically affected horses with ECoV keep shedding 2-5 weeks after infection.

(Sanz, 2018)

Question 32

How reliable is PCR testing for Equine Coronavirus?

Answer 32

Adult horses that have PCR positive fecal samples for ECoV and that have clinical signs consistent with this viral infection (fever, anorexia, colic, diarrhea) are likely to be of diagnostic relevance.

(Sanz, 2018)

Question 33

What is the gold standard for testing of ECoV?

Answer 33

Electron microscopy (EM) has historically been used as the gold standard. But real-time PCR due to its sensitivity can be used reliably in the clinical settings.

(Sanz, 2018)