Recent lit Flashcards
How many equines can be estimated to have periodontitis?
More recent studies have shown periodontitis to be present in up to 75% of horses and prevalence increases with age. It can also be noted in 24% of working donkeys.
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168
What is the function of the periodontium and what are te structures that form it?
The periodontium protects and suports the tooth by securing the tooth in the alveolus, accepting different masticatory forces and restoring the tooth to its original position after temporary displacement during mastication. It is comprised of four separate tissues, the gingiva, peripheral cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168
Which is the earliest stage of periodontal disease?
The accumulation of dental plaque in the gingival sulcus, it is often reversible but may eventually become calcified forming calculus.
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168.
What is periodontal disease?
Mention a common cause and how severe periodontal disease develops.
Periodontal disease is a common and painful equine disease that is usually induced by the mechanical impaction of food between and around teeth.
The presence of plaque in the gingival sulcus initiates a bacterial induced inflammatory reaction that may or may not proceed to involve the deeper periodontal tissues. More severe periodontal disease is most frequently due to the host’s response to the bacterial invasion.
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168.
What bacterial species are more commonly detected in healthy oral cavities compared to periodontitis?
Healthy - High counts of streptococci and micrococci, intermediate counts of Veillonella and low counts of Lactobacillus spp., Fusobacteria spp. and coliforms.
Periodontitis - predominant Streptococci, Fusobacteria and coliforms. Could also detect Campylobacter and spirochetes.
In horses with periodontitis secondary to equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) -Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella and Treponema species were more commonly isolated.
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168.
What is Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency (BHZD) and what is the cause?
Is a keratinization disorder caused by a mutation in the SLC39A4 gene.
Langenmayer, M. C., Et al (2018). Zinc Deficiency-Like Syndrome in Fleckvieh Calves: Clinical and Pathological Findings and Differentiation from Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med, 32(2), 853-859.
What is the zinc deficiency-like (ZDL) syndrome?
Itis a syndrome with similar clinical features as Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency (BHZD) but associated with a PLD4 mutation in Bavarian Fleckvieh calves.
Langenmayer, M. C., Et al (2018). Zinc Deficiency-Like Syndrome in Fleckvieh Calves: Clinical and Pathological Findings and Differentiation from Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med, 32(2), 853-859.
What are common clinical signs or lession presented with ZDL syndrome?
Runting, ruffled hair coat and skin lessions, but can present with history of recurrent diarrhea, fever, dyspnea, and runting.
Skin lessions can include multifocal skin crusts, severe crusting with rhagades in the perioral, perinasal, periorbital, and auricular regions, thick superficial plates with rhagades.
Langenmayer, M. C., Et al (2018). Zinc Deficiency-Like Syndrome in Fleckvieh Calves: Clinical and Pathological Findings and Differentiation from Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med, 32(2), 853-859.
Which is the most bioavailable form of oral zinc?
Lambs supplemented with zinc lysine had much higher zinc concentrations in kidney, liver and pancreas than lambs that received zinc sulfate, zinc oxide or zinc methionine. Liver and plasma zinc concentrations were also higher in calves that were supplemented with a combination of zinc lysine and zinc methionine than in calves supplemented with zinc oxide. Higher tissue concentrations of zinc were also seen in calves and lambs that were fed high concentrations of zinc proteinate relative to the zinc concentrations observed in animals supplemented with zinc sulfate.
Jerry W. Spears; Trace Mineral Bioavailability in Ruminants, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 133, Issue 5, 1 May 2003, Pages 1506S–1509S
Mention other differential diagnosis for ZDL syndrome?
Differential diagnoses for ZDL syndrome include mange,
acquired zinc deficiency, and ichthyosis.
The mucosal lesions and lesions in the interdigital space should be differentiated from bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease , malignant catarrhal fever (MCF / OvHV-2) and blue tongue, when lymphadenopathy is present, can also include Herpes virus (BHV-1), Vesicular estomatitis and Foot and mouth disease.
Langenmayer, M. C., Et al (2018). Zinc Deficiency-Like Syndrome in Fleckvieh Calves: Clinical and Pathological Findings and Differentiation from Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med, 32(2), 853-859.
What is a diastemata and how often is it associated with gingivitis?
A diastemata is an abnormal space between adjacent teeth that should normally be in tight occlusal apposition.
91% of diastemata trap feed material, 34% were associated to gingivitis and 44% were accompanied by periodontal pockets
Kennedy, R. S., & Dixon, P. M. (2018). The aetiopathogenesis of equine periodontal disease – a fresh perspective. Equine Veterinary Education, 30(3), 161-168.
