Respiratory Flashcards
what is cause of astha
imbalance between th1 and th2 lymphocytes
stimulation of postgalnglionic cholinergic fibres causes what
bronchial sm contraction
stimulation on non cholinergic post ganglionic fibres causes
bronchial sm relaxation
what is the innervation of bronchial sm
no innervation in humans but post ganglionic supply submucosal glands, sm of blood vessels
sympathetic stimulation of airways causes
bronchial sm relaxation via b2 on asm activated by adrenalin released from the adrenal gland
decreased mucus secretion
increased mucociliary clearance
vascular smooth muscle contration
sympathetic stimulation cause to the vascular smooth muscle
vascular smooth muscle contraction mediated by a1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells
what does parasympathetic via m3 cuase
contraction
what does calcium bind to to cause contraction
calmodulin
what does ca-calmodulin do
make inactive MLCK to active
what does active MLCK do
phosphorylate myosin cross bridges
how does relaxation come about
dephosphorylation of MLC by myosin phosphatase
when adrenaline activae B2 receptors what happens
bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
what can asthma do to airways
subepithelail fibrosis, epithelial damage (exposing nerve endings)
what is decreased in asthma
PEFR and FEV1
reaction in asthma
type 1 and then type 4
what ig is non immune mediated
IgG
non atopic individual
low level Th1 response cell mediated immune response involving IgG and mactophages
atopic individual
strong Th2 response antibody mediated immune response involving IgE
what do B cells mature to
IgE secreting P cells
eosinophils
il 5 from th2 cells
mast cells
express igE in response to IL4 and il13 released form th2 cells
what is peutz jeghers syndrome
an autosomal dominant condition characterised by benign hamartous polyps in the GI tract, also associated with pigmented freckles on the lips, face, palms and soles
what is enteric fever
typhoid
what is the side effect of ethbutamol
colour blindness-leading to blindness-optic neuritits
what is the side effet of rifampicin
discolouration of urine/tears, hepatitis, flu like symptoms
what are the side effects of pyrazinamide
hepatitic toxicity/gout
what are the side effects of isoniazid
neuropapthy-agranulotosis
what type of hypersensitity reaction is SLE
type III
what type of hypersensitity reaction is TB
type IV
tests for sarcoidosis
blood tests for a raised ACE, increased calcium and check renal function, increased inflammatory markers
what is type 1 respiratory failure
low levels of o2 in the blood without increased levels of co2
what is type 2 resp failure
low levels of o2 levels in the blood with increased levels of co2
what colour si the sputum typically with streptococcus
rusty
what are kerley B lines
horizontal lines less than 2cm long, commonly in the lower zone periphery
the lines are thickened, oedematous
what is carbocisteine
a mucolytic, makes the mucous and phlegm in the throat thinner and easier to cough up
give an example of a PDE4 inhibitor
rofumilast
give some LAMAs
tiotropium and aclidinium
