Respiratory

Question 1

what is cause of astha

Answer 1

imbalance between th1 and th2 lymphocytes

Question 2

stimulation of postgalnglionic cholinergic fibres causes what

Answer 2

bronchial sm contraction

Question 3

stimulation on non cholinergic post ganglionic fibres causes

Answer 3

bronchial sm relaxation

Question 4

what is the innervation of bronchial sm

Answer 4

no innervation in humans but post ganglionic supply submucosal glands, sm of blood vessels

Question 5

sympathetic stimulation of airways causes

Answer 5

bronchial sm relaxation via b2 on asm activated by adrenalin released from the adrenal gland
decreased mucus secretion
increased mucociliary clearance
vascular smooth muscle contration

Question 6

sympathetic stimulation cause to the vascular smooth muscle

Answer 6

vascular smooth muscle contraction mediated by a1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 7

what does parasympathetic via m3 cuase

Answer 7

contraction

Question 8

what does calcium bind to to cause contraction

Answer 8

calmodulin

Question 9

what does ca-calmodulin do

Answer 9

make inactive MLCK to active

Question 10

what does active MLCK do

Answer 10

phosphorylate myosin cross bridges

Question 11

how does relaxation come about

Answer 11

dephosphorylation of MLC by myosin phosphatase

Question 12

when adrenaline activae B2 receptors what happens

Answer 12

bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

Question 13

what can asthma do to airways

Answer 13

subepithelail fibrosis, epithelial damage (exposing nerve endings)

Question 14

what is decreased in asthma

Answer 14

PEFR and FEV1

Question 15

reaction in asthma

Answer 15

type 1 and then type 4

Question 16

what ig is non immune mediated

Answer 16

IgG

Question 17

non atopic individual

Answer 17

low level Th1 response cell mediated immune response involving IgG and mactophages

Question 18

atopic individual

Answer 18

strong Th2 response antibody mediated immune response involving IgE

Question 19

what do B cells mature to

Answer 19

IgE secreting P cells

Question 20

eosinophils

Answer 20

il 5 from th2 cells

Question 21

mast cells

Answer 21

express igE in response to IL4 and il13 released form th2 cells

Question 22

what is peutz jeghers syndrome

Answer 22

an autosomal dominant condition characterised by benign hamartous polyps in the GI tract, also associated with pigmented freckles on the lips, face, palms and soles

Question 23

what is enteric fever

Answer 23

typhoid

Question 24

what is the side effect of ethbutamol

Answer 24

colour blindness-leading to blindness-optic neuritits

Question 25

what is the side effet of rifampicin

Answer 25

discolouration of urine/tears, hepatitis, flu like symptoms

Question 26

what are the side effects of pyrazinamide

Answer 26

hepatitic toxicity/gout

Question 27

what are the side effects of isoniazid

Answer 27

neuropapthy-agranulotosis

Question 28

what type of hypersensitity reaction is SLE

Answer 28

type III

Question 29

what type of hypersensitity reaction is TB

Answer 29

type IV

Question 30

tests for sarcoidosis

Answer 30

blood tests for a raised ACE, increased calcium and check renal function, increased inflammatory markers

Question 31

what is type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 31

low levels of o2 in the blood without increased levels of co2

Question 32

what is type 2 resp failure

Answer 32

low levels of o2 levels in the blood with increased levels of co2

Question 33

what colour si the sputum typically with streptococcus

Answer 33

rusty

Question 34

what are kerley B lines

Answer 34

horizontal lines less than 2cm long, commonly in the lower zone periphery
the lines are thickened, oedematous

Question 35

what is carbocisteine

Answer 35

a mucolytic, makes the mucous and phlegm in the throat thinner and easier to cough up

Question 36

give an example of a PDE4 inhibitor

Answer 36

rofumilast

Question 37

give some LAMAs

Answer 37

tiotropium and aclidinium