endocrine-calcium and bones

Question 1

what is osteitis fibrosa cystica

Answer 1

formation of cyst like brown tumours in and around the bone

Question 2

what is osteitis fibrosa cystica caused by

Answer 2

hyperparathyroidisim

Question 3

what are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia

Answer 3

thirst, dehydration, confusion, polyuria
chronic: myopathy, osteopaenia, fractures, depression, hypertension
abdo pain-pancreatitis, ulcers, renal stones

Question 4

what is teriparatide

Answer 4

a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone

Question 5

what are the biochem results of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

increase in PTH, increase in serum calcium, low phosphate and serum:creatinine clearance is >0.01

Question 6

what is the album level like in primary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 6

normal/low

Question 7

when is the urine calcium decreased

Answer 7

in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

Question 8

how is hypoclaciuric hypercalcaemia inherited

Answer 8

autosomal dominant

Question 9

how do you start foses of metformin

Answer 9

start low and then increase

Question 10

which diabetes drug can interfere with vitamin B12 and folic acid absorption

Answer 10

metformin

Question 11

what are the long term benefits of metformin

Answer 11

prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications from diabetes

Question 12

how does pioglitazone work

Answer 12

agonists of the PPARy receptor which increases increase the number of adipocytes and fatty acids promote the uptake and storage in adipocytes
decreased hepatic output and enhance action of insulin at target tissues

Question 13

how does metformin affect weight

Answer 13

weight neutral but can cause weight loss

Question 14

what are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia

Answer 14

paraesthesia-in fingers toes, perioral 
muscle cramps-tetany
muscle weakness
fatigue 
bronchospasm or larngospasm
chovsteks sign-tapping over facial nerve 
trousseau sign-carpopedal spasm