Random Flashcards
focus on far objects
sympathetic
allow orbicularis oculi to work
parasympathetic
emotional lacrimation
sympathetic
focus on near objects
parasympathetic
vestibule-ocular reflex
turns eyes the opposite direction to a head movement
oculocardio reflex
reflex bradycardia in response to tension in the extraocular muscle, CNS connections between CN V1 (ophthalmic) and CN X
limbus
corneoscleral junction
what does the ciliary muscle do
a ring of smooth muscle in the eyes middle layer that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aq humour into Schlemms canal
what does the ciliary body do
includes the ciliary muscle and ciliary epithelium, ciliary muscle=accommodation and regulation of aq humour into Schlemms canal, ciliary epithelium produces the aq humour
folds on the inner ciliary epithelium are called ciliary processes and these secrete aq humour into the posterior chamber
what are the zonular fibers
they collectively make up the suspensory ligament of the lens
they provide strong attachment between the ciliary muscles and the capsule of the lens
what do horizontal cells do
laterallay interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner layer of the retina
help integrate and regulate input from multiple photoreceptor cells
allowing eyes to adjust and see well under both bright and dim light conditions, horizontal cells provide inhibitory feedback to rod and cone receptors
where does the venous drainage of the eye go to
drains to the cavernous sinus by superior orbital fissure
what is the venous drainage of the ye
superior ophthalmic vein
inferior ophthalmic vein (which drains mostly into superior ophthalmic vein)
also drains anteriorly into the facial vein (a valveless vein)
where do the rectus muscles all originate from
common tendinous ring/annulus of zinn/ annular tendon
what is osteochondritis dissecans
a piece of cartilage and a thin layer of bone separate from the end of a bone because of a loss of bone supply
what is subtrochanteric fracture associated with
a higher risk of non union
associated with long term bisphosophonate use
how do you treat subtrochanteric fracture
IM nail
what is the typical x ray finding in an intracapsular fracture
break in shentons line
is the ESR changed in PMR
yes ESR is raised in PMR
what passes through the carpal tunnel
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) x4
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) x4
Flexor Pollicis Longus x1
Median Nerve
what muscles are affected in De Quervain syndrome
Extensor Pollicis Brevis and ABductor Pollicis Longus
why are the lumbricals crutial to movmement
they connect the flexor and extensor tendons
where do the lumbricals pass
the lumbricals pass dorsally and laterally around each finger and insert onto the extensor hood
where does the radial artery pass through in the hand
passess anteriorly through the space between the 2 heads of the ADDucotr pollicis muscle forming the deep palmar arch
what muscles attach to the head of the fibula
soleus, long head biceps femoris, fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus (and lateral collateral ligament)
what is a lisfranc fracture
dislocation of the articulation of the tarsus with the metatarsal bone
where is the lisfranc joint
articulation of tarsus with metatarsal bases whereby the 1st metatarsals articulate with the 3 cuneiforms and the 4th and 5th metatarsals with the cuboid
what is a jones fracture
fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal
what is an avulsion fracture
bone fracture which occurs when a fragement of bone breaks away from the rest of the bone, usally where a tendon or ligament attaches
what is the floor of the femoral triangle formed by
iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
what is contained in the canal
deep inguinal lymph nodes
what are the femoral artery and vien enveloped by
femoral sheath
what is the femoral sheath
short tube of transversalis fascia from the abdominal wall which surrounds the most proximal part of the femoral artery and vein
what nerve roots are in the femoral nerve
L2,3,4,
where is the femoral nerve formed
lumbar plexus
where does the saphenous nerve branch from
the femoral nerve
what type of nerve is the saphenous nerve
sensory
where does the saphenous nerve travel trough
passing distally by passing between the Sartorius and gracillis
where does the saphenous nerve innervate
the fascia and skin of the anteromedial aspects of the knee and leg and the medial aspect of the foot where it accompanies the great saphenous vein
what is contained in the femoral canal
deep lymphatics and adipose tissue
where do medial and lateral circumflex arteries arise from
profunda femoris artery
where do the femoral vessesl pass in relation to the inguinal ligament
femoral vessels, femoral nerve and iliopsoas muscle leave the limb by passing deep/posterior to the inguinal ligament in the retroinguinal space
name the muscles in the anterior thigh
Sartorius, quadriceps femoris and iliopsoas
what type of reflex is assessed by knee jerk
deep tendon reflex
what does a positive knee jerk show
confirms the function of the muscle, its nerve supply, the spinal cord connections (reflex arc) and descending controls from the brain
what is the main function of the medial thigh muscles
to adduct the thigh at the hip
nb gracilis also crosses the knee and is hence a weak knee flexor
where do the muscles of the medial thigh attach distally
posterior surface of the shaft of the femur along the linea aspera
what is the region in between the buttocks called
intergluteal cleft
what are the spinal roots of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
S1-3
what are the spinal roots of the superior gluteal nerve
L5, S1, S2
what is club foot
inverted and plantarflexed foot which is not passively correctable
why is the short head of biceps not considered to be a true hamstring
it attaches proximally to linea aspera of femur (rather than ischial tuberosity)
doesn’t cross the hip joint and doesn’t contribute to movement of the hip
supplied by common fibular branch of sciatic nerve rather than tibial branch
what are the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior leg
2 heads of gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and popliteus
what are the deep muscles of the posterior leg
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
what do the muscles in the posterior leg do
mainly plantarflex the ankle and toes, tibialis posterior assists tibialis anterior with INversion of the foot
how do the muscles of the posterior leg enter to foot
pass posterior to the medial malleolus and deep to the flexor retinaculum
what are the muscles in tom dick and harry
Tibialis posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial artery, Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallucis Longus
what is a colles fracture and when does it happen
fracture of lower end of radius, distal fragment is displaced backward, fall on wrist in extension
what is a smith fracture
fracture of distal end of radius, falling onto a flexed wrist
why are high c spine dislocations potentially fatal
if they are above C3 which supplies the diaphragm (c3,4,5 supplies the diaphragm)
what is a burst fracture
a thoracolumbar fracture with involvement of the posterior elements
what can more stable thoracolumbar injuries without substantial displacement or collapse be treated with
a brace to limit flexion and prevent kyphosis
what is spinal shock
physiological response to injury with complete loss of sensation and motor function and loss of reflexes below the level of the injury
usually resolves in 24 hours with the return of relfexes
what is neurogenic shock
occurs secondary to temporary shutdown of sympathetic outflow from the cord from t1-l2 usually due to injury in the cervical or upper thoracic cord leading to hypotension and bradycardia
how is neurogenic shock treated
IV fluids
what is a complete spinal cord injury
no sensory or voluntary motor function below the level of injury
what is central cord syndrome
hyperextension injury in a cervical spine with OA often there is no dislocation or subluxation
paralysis of arms more than legs due to the corticospinal (motor) tracts of the upper limbs being more central than those of lower limbs
anterior cord syndrome
loss of motor function (corticospinal tracts) as well as loss of coarse touch, pain and temperature sensation(lateral spinothalamic tract) while proprioception, vibration and light touch are preserved
brown sequard syndrome
hemisection of the cord usually from penetrating injury, ipsilateral paralysis and loss of dorsal column sesation occurs
what is excitation contraction coupling
process whereby the surface action potential results in activation of the contractile mechanism of the muscle fibre
is there continuity between the cytoplasm between skeletal muscle and nerve cell
no there are neuromuscular junctions
what is the z line in a muscle cell
separates one muscle cell from the next
what is a functional unit
the smallest component capable of performing all the functions of that organ
what is the functional unit of skeletal muscle
sarcomere
what is the a band made up of
actin and myosin filaments that overlap
what is h zone
myosin only (lighter area within the middle of a band where thin filaments don’t reach)
what is ATP needed for in relaxation
to release cross bridges
to pump Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate and what are they supplied by
tensor veli palatine only one innervated by CN V3 levator veli palatine palatoglossus palatopharygeus musculus uvulae all innervated by CNX
what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and their innervation
stylopharygeus innervated by CNIX
palatopharygeus
salpingopharygeus both innervated by CNX
what is included in Waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue
palatine tonsil-in the tonsillar fossa
lingual tonsil in the mucosa of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
pharyngeal tonsil ‘‘adenoid’’ in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx
tubal tonils in the mucosa of the Eustachian tube opening
palate associated lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the soft palate
