Child Health Flashcards
what is rett syndrome
mostly girls get it
mutation in the MECP2 gene found on the X chromosome
it is a rare genetic disorder that affects brain development, resulting in severe mental and physical disability
4 stages 1-stagnation
2-regression
3-plateau
4-deterioration in movement
what are mild learning difficulties
IQ less than 70
what are severe learning difficulties
IQ less than 50
what is a profound learning diffuclty
IQ less than 20
what vaccines are given at 2 months
DTP-diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus,polio-IPV, haeomophilus influenze (as five in one)
rotavirus
Pneumococcal
(Menigococcal B )
what is the rash like in measles
erythematous and maculopapular spreads from the head to the trunk
Koplik spots are small red spots with white centres which may appear on the mucous membranes o f the mouth before the rash appears
what are the complications of measles
otitis media, pneumonia and diarrhoea
rare complications include encephalitis and sub-acute sclerosing pan-encephalitis
where is the rash of rubella usually seen
behind the ears on the face and neck
what are complications of rubella
small joint arthritis, thrombocytopaenia and post infections encephalitis, damage to foetus if pregnant
why is rubella dangerous for the foetus
it can result in foetal loss or congenital rubella syndrome CRS which affects the eyes eg cataracts, ears ( sensorineural deafness) heart (PDA) and brain microcephaly
if in first 4 weeks-eye anomaly
if weeks 4-8 cardiac anomaly
if weeks 8-22 deafness
what type of virus is HPV
a double standed DNA virus
babies born to mothers with hepatitis B
should be vaccinated against hep B virus starting within 24 hours after birth and further disease at 1,2 and 12 months post birth
what can vancomycin be used to treat
gram positive as it is bactericial
how does erythromycin and clarithromycin work on bacteria
they are bacteriostatic, they bind to bacterial ribosomes
appearance in fragile X
typically has learning difficulties (IQ less than 70) and delayed milestones with typical features of high forehead, large testicles, facial asymmetry, large jaw and long ears
what age can you copy a circle and simple cross
3 years
draw a square
four year
draw a triangle
5 years
imitates sounds
9 months
babbles
6 months
knows name
12 months
knows 5-20 words, points to 2 body parts
18 months
complex instructions asks questions
3 years
tells stories
4 years
simple instructions/50+ words
2 years
child age 2-5 HR, BP, RR
HR 95-140, RR25-30 BP 80-100
child less than one HR, RR, BP
HR 110-160, RR30-40 BP 70-90
child 1-2
HR100-150 RR25-35 BP 80-95
child 5-12
HR 80-120 RR 20-25 BP 90-110
child >12
HR 60-100 RR 15-20 BP 100-120
features of infants compared to adults
large head and prominent occiput sitting height is proportionally more relatively large SA to volume high anterior larynx/floppy epiglottis more flexible ribs blood volume 80mls/kg HbF at birth
appearance of CSF in bacterial meningitis
cloudy, glucose low, protein high, white cells, polymorphs
appearance of CSF in viral meinigits
clear/cloudy, 60-80% of plasma glucose, protein normal/raised, lymphocytes
TB meningitis appearance
slightly cloudy, fibrin web, glucose low, protein high, white cells high but not as high as viral meningitis and also show lymphocytes
what do you give for suspected meningitis in the GP
IM benzylepenicillin
what do you give for meningitis in the hospital
IV cefotaxime
composition of homemade ORS
6 teaspoons of sugar, half a teaspoon of salt, 1litre of water
what are the red flags for development
not reaching for objects by 6 months asymmetry not reaching for objects by 6 months unable to sit unsupported by 12 months unable to walk by 18 months no speech by 18 months concerns re vision/hearing loss of skills
what is a profound learning difficulty
IQ less than 20
severe learning difficulties
IQ less between 50 and 70
what is Edward syndrome caused by
trisomy 18
what is patau syndrome caused by
trisomy 13
what type of mutation is there is fragile X
expansion mutation on the X chromosome
systolic ejection murmur attributed to the pulmonic valve and may have splitting of the second heart sound
ASD
why do you get physiological splitting of the second heart sound
during respiration the negative intrathoracic pressure causes increase blood return to the right side of the heart
increased blood volume in the right ventricle causes the pulmonic valve to stay open longer during ventricular systole, delay in the P2 component of S2
before what age is it worrying if you develop a hand preference
12 months
hand preference before 12 months could indicate what
cerebral palsy
what age do you say ‘mama and dada’
9 months
what age would you put your hands on bottle when being fed
6 months
what is one of the principles of motor development
generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements
what are the four areas of development
gross motor, fine motor and vision, language and hearing, social behaviour and play
crawl by what age
9 months
stairs alternative feet
3 years
hops
4 years
palmar grasp by what age
6 months
scissor grasp
9 months
pincer grasp
12 months
