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Child Health Flashcards

1
Q

what is rett syndrome

A

mostly girls get it
mutation in the MECP2 gene found on the X chromosome
it is a rare genetic disorder that affects brain development, resulting in severe mental and physical disability
4 stages 1-stagnation
2-regression
3-plateau
4-deterioration in movement

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2
Q

what are mild learning difficulties

A

IQ less than 70

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3
Q

what are severe learning difficulties

A

IQ less than 50

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4
Q

what is a profound learning diffuclty

A

IQ less than 20

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5
Q

what vaccines are given at 2 months

A

DTP-diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus,polio-IPV, haeomophilus influenze (as five in one)
rotavirus
Pneumococcal
(Menigococcal B )

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6
Q

what is the rash like in measles

A

erythematous and maculopapular spreads from the head to the trunk
Koplik spots are small red spots with white centres which may appear on the mucous membranes o f the mouth before the rash appears

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7
Q

what are the complications of measles

A

otitis media, pneumonia and diarrhoea

rare complications include encephalitis and sub-acute sclerosing pan-encephalitis

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8
Q

where is the rash of rubella usually seen

A

behind the ears on the face and neck

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9
Q

what are complications of rubella

A

small joint arthritis, thrombocytopaenia and post infections encephalitis, damage to foetus if pregnant

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10
Q

why is rubella dangerous for the foetus

A

it can result in foetal loss or congenital rubella syndrome CRS which affects the eyes eg cataracts, ears ( sensorineural deafness) heart (PDA) and brain microcephaly
if in first 4 weeks-eye anomaly
if weeks 4-8 cardiac anomaly
if weeks 8-22 deafness

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11
Q

what type of virus is HPV

A

a double standed DNA virus

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12
Q

babies born to mothers with hepatitis B

A

should be vaccinated against hep B virus starting within 24 hours after birth and further disease at 1,2 and 12 months post birth

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13
Q

what can vancomycin be used to treat

A

gram positive as it is bactericial

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14
Q

how does erythromycin and clarithromycin work on bacteria

A

they are bacteriostatic, they bind to bacterial ribosomes

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15
Q

appearance in fragile X

A

typically has learning difficulties (IQ less than 70) and delayed milestones with typical features of high forehead, large testicles, facial asymmetry, large jaw and long ears

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16
Q

what age can you copy a circle and simple cross

A

3 years

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17
Q

draw a square

A

four year

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18
Q

draw a triangle

A

5 years

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19
Q

imitates sounds

A

9 months

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20
Q

babbles

A

6 months

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21
Q

knows name

A

12 months

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22
Q

knows 5-20 words, points to 2 body parts

A

18 months

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23
Q

complex instructions asks questions

A

3 years

24
Q

tells stories

A

4 years

25
Q

simple instructions/50+ words

A

2 years

26
Q

child age 2-5 HR, BP, RR

A

HR 95-140, RR25-30 BP 80-100

27
Q

child less than one HR, RR, BP

A

HR 110-160, RR30-40 BP 70-90

28
Q

child 1-2

A

HR100-150 RR25-35 BP 80-95

29
Q

child 5-12

A

HR 80-120 RR 20-25 BP 90-110

30
Q

child >12

A

HR 60-100 RR 15-20 BP 100-120

31
Q

features of infants compared to adults

A 
large head and prominent occiput
sitting height is proportionally more 
relatively large SA to volume 
high anterior larynx/floppy epiglottis 
more flexible ribs 
blood volume 80mls/kg
HbF at birth
32
Q

appearance of CSF in bacterial meningitis

A

cloudy, glucose low, protein high, white cells, polymorphs

33
Q

appearance of CSF in viral meinigits

A

clear/cloudy, 60-80% of plasma glucose, protein normal/raised, lymphocytes

34
Q

TB meningitis appearance

A

slightly cloudy, fibrin web, glucose low, protein high, white cells high but not as high as viral meningitis and also show lymphocytes

35
Q

what do you give for suspected meningitis in the GP

A

IM benzylepenicillin

36
Q

what do you give for meningitis in the hospital

A

IV cefotaxime

37
Q

composition of homemade ORS

A

6 teaspoons of sugar, half a teaspoon of salt, 1litre of water

38
Q

what are the red flags for development

A 
not reaching for objects by 6 months 
asymmetry 
not reaching for objects by 6 months 
unable to sit unsupported by 12 months 
unable to walk by 18 months 
no speech by 18 months 
concerns re vision/hearing
loss of skills
39
Q

what is a profound learning difficulty

A

IQ less than 20

40
Q

severe learning difficulties

A

IQ less between 50 and 70

41
Q

what is Edward syndrome caused by

A

trisomy 18

42
Q

what is patau syndrome caused by

A

trisomy 13

43
Q

what type of mutation is there is fragile X

A

expansion mutation on the X chromosome

44
Q

systolic ejection murmur attributed to the pulmonic valve and may have splitting of the second heart sound

A

ASD

45
Q

why do you get physiological splitting of the second heart sound

A

during respiration the negative intrathoracic pressure causes increase blood return to the right side of the heart
increased blood volume in the right ventricle causes the pulmonic valve to stay open longer during ventricular systole, delay in the P2 component of S2

46
Q

before what age is it worrying if you develop a hand preference

A

12 months

47
Q

hand preference before 12 months could indicate what

A

cerebral palsy

48
Q

what age do you say ‘mama and dada’

A

9 months

49
Q

what age would you put your hands on bottle when being fed

A

6 months

50
Q

what is one of the principles of motor development

A

generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements

51
Q

what are the four areas of development

A

gross motor, fine motor and vision, language and hearing, social behaviour and play

52
Q

crawl by what age

A

9 months

53
Q

stairs alternative feet

A

3 years

54
Q

hops

A

4 years

55
Q

palmar grasp by what age

A

6 months

56
Q

scissor grasp

A

9 months

57
Q

pincer grasp

A

12 months

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