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random Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is kleinfelters syndrome

A

when boys have an extra X chromosome XXY

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2
Q

what are the hormone profile results of premature ovarian failure

A

high FSH and LH and low oestrogen

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3
Q

hormone profile in type 1 hypothalamic failure

A

low FSH, LH and low oestrogen

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4
Q

chocolate cysts on ovary

A

endometriosis

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5
Q

name some causes of male infertility

A 
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 
kallmans syndrome, kleinfelters syndrome, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, undescended testes, idiopathic
hyperprolactinaemia 
acromegaly
cushings disease
hyper or hypothyroidisim
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6
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by

A

all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, posterior cricoartytenoid, lateral crico artenoid, arytenoids and thyroidarytenoids are supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve

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7
Q

what does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply

A

posterior and lateral cricoartyenoid muscles, arytenoids and throarytenoid muscles

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8
Q

what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate

A

cricothyroid muscle

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9
Q

what is mucosa above the fold supplied by

A

internal laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

what is mucosa below the fold supplied by

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

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11
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve

A

at the level of the cricothyroid joint

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12
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve travel

A

under the aortic arch

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13
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve pass

A

under the right subclavian artery

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14
Q

where does the vagus nerve pass though in the base of the skull

A

the jugular foramen

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15
Q

what are the otic placodes and what do they give rise to

A

they are thickenings of the ectoderm, one on each side overlapping the hindbrain (rhoboencephalon)
they give rise to the otic capsule which give rise to the inner ear

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16
Q

what does the first pharyngeal cleft give rise to

A

the external auditory meatus

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17
Q

what does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

Eustachian tube, tympanic membrane and middle ear

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18
Q

what does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

PALATINE tonsil

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19
Q

what gives rise to the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

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20
Q

what is formed from the 4th pharyngeal pouch

A

superior parathyroid glands

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21
Q

what gives rise to the inner ear

A

otic placodes which form otic capsule

22
Q

how is neurofibromatosis inheritied

A

autosomal dominant

23
Q

what are the features of neurofibromatosis type 1

A

café au lait spots more than 6/7, widespread neurofibromas, bony defects, axillary frecking and lisch nodules

24
Q

features of neurofibromatosis 2

A

bilateral vestibular schwannoma, multiple menigiomas, gliomas, café au lait, may have hearing loss, cataracts and muscle wasting

25
Q

what is the protein defect in NF2

A

merlin

26
Q

are nasal polyps common in children

A

no if found consider cystic fibrosis

27
Q

what are the pathological features of nasal polyps

A

oedema of lamina propria, inflammatory change often including eosinophils
scattered stroma atypia

28
Q

what is Wegeners caused by

A

autoimmune

29
Q

what can wegeners cause

A

pulmonary, renal disease and septal perforation

30
Q

where is nasopharyngeal carcinoma common and why

A

far east due to greater prevalence of EBV and volatile nitrosamines in food

31
Q

what else is EBV associated with

A

burkitts lymphoma, other B cell lymphomas and hodgkins lymphoma

32
Q

how does EBV cause the cancer

A

hi jacks and mimicks helper T cell responses leading to proliferation and survival of B cells
LMP-1 latent membrane protein 1
and EBV encodes EBNA-2 which promotes transiton form G0-G1

33
Q

difference in nodules and polyps

A

nodule are usually seen in younger women and are bilateral on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal cord
polyps are unilateral and pedunculated

34
Q

what is a papilloma

A

benign epithelial tumour that grows with fronds associated with HPV viruses types 6 and 11 in head and neck

35
Q

what is a paraganglioma

A

tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

36
Q

name some chromaffin positive ells

A

sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines, usually adrenal medulla or paravertebral-organ of zuckerkandle

37
Q

non chromaffin cells

A

neuroendocrine cells eg carotid and aortic bodies, lots more

38
Q

causes of squamous cell carcinoma

A

smoking and alcohol

and in oropharynx HPV

39
Q

what type of HPV is associated with squamous cell carcinoma

A

type 16

40
Q

how does HPV cause SCC

A

produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt Rb and P53 pathways leading to cellular immortality

41
Q

what is sialolithiasis

A

stones in the salivary glands

42
Q

tumours in large glands are more likely to be

A

BENIGN

43
Q

tumours in smaller glands are more likely to be

A

MALIGNANT

44
Q

which salivary gland is most common for tumour

A

PAROTID

45
Q

what is a pleomorphic adenoma

A

BENIGN tumour, most common in parotid and in females greater than 50
varying morphology
epithelial and myoepithelial cells present in chondromyxoid stroma
require wide excision
small risk of malignant transformation

46
Q

what type of tumour is a Warthins tumour

A

BENIGN

47
Q

where is a Warthins tumour found

A

most commonly in the parotid

48
Q

what is a warthins tumour made up of cellularly

A

mixture of bilayer oncocytic epithelium with dense lymphoid infiltrate

49
Q

what type of cancer is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

a malignant

50
Q

what type of cells is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma made up of

A

mixture of squamous, intermediate and mucinous epithelium

varying grade

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