random Endocrine Flashcards
what is kleinfelters syndrome
when boys have an extra X chromosome XXY
what are the hormone profile results of premature ovarian failure
high FSH and LH and low oestrogen
hormone profile in type 1 hypothalamic failure
low FSH, LH and low oestrogen
chocolate cysts on ovary
endometriosis
name some causes of male infertility
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism kallmans syndrome, kleinfelters syndrome, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, undescended testes, idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia acromegaly cushings disease hyper or hypothyroidisim
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, posterior cricoartytenoid, lateral crico artenoid, arytenoids and thyroidarytenoids are supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve
what does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply
posterior and lateral cricoartyenoid muscles, arytenoids and throarytenoid muscles
what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate
cricothyroid muscle
what is mucosa above the fold supplied by
internal laryngeal nerve
what is mucosa below the fold supplied by
inferior laryngeal nerve
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve
at the level of the cricothyroid joint
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve travel
under the aortic arch
where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve pass
under the right subclavian artery
where does the vagus nerve pass though in the base of the skull
the jugular foramen
what are the otic placodes and what do they give rise to
they are thickenings of the ectoderm, one on each side overlapping the hindbrain (rhoboencephalon)
they give rise to the otic capsule which give rise to the inner ear
what does the first pharyngeal cleft give rise to
the external auditory meatus
what does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to
Eustachian tube, tympanic membrane and middle ear
what does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to
PALATINE tonsil
what gives rise to the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
3rd pharyngeal pouch
what is formed from the 4th pharyngeal pouch
superior parathyroid glands
what gives rise to the inner ear
otic placodes which form otic capsule
how is neurofibromatosis inheritied
autosomal dominant
what are the features of neurofibromatosis type 1
café au lait spots more than 6/7, widespread neurofibromas, bony defects, axillary frecking and lisch nodules
features of neurofibromatosis 2
bilateral vestibular schwannoma, multiple menigiomas, gliomas, café au lait, may have hearing loss, cataracts and muscle wasting
what is the protein defect in NF2
merlin
are nasal polyps common in children
no if found consider cystic fibrosis
what are the pathological features of nasal polyps
oedema of lamina propria, inflammatory change often including eosinophils
scattered stroma atypia
what is Wegeners caused by
autoimmune
what can wegeners cause
pulmonary, renal disease and septal perforation
where is nasopharyngeal carcinoma common and why
far east due to greater prevalence of EBV and volatile nitrosamines in food
what else is EBV associated with
burkitts lymphoma, other B cell lymphomas and hodgkins lymphoma
how does EBV cause the cancer
hi jacks and mimicks helper T cell responses leading to proliferation and survival of B cells
LMP-1 latent membrane protein 1
and EBV encodes EBNA-2 which promotes transiton form G0-G1
difference in nodules and polyps
nodule are usually seen in younger women and are bilateral on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal cord
polyps are unilateral and pedunculated
what is a papilloma
benign epithelial tumour that grows with fronds associated with HPV viruses types 6 and 11 in head and neck
what is a paraganglioma
tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells
name some chromaffin positive ells
sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines, usually adrenal medulla or paravertebral-organ of zuckerkandle
non chromaffin cells
neuroendocrine cells eg carotid and aortic bodies, lots more
causes of squamous cell carcinoma
smoking and alcohol
and in oropharynx HPV
what type of HPV is associated with squamous cell carcinoma
type 16
how does HPV cause SCC
produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt Rb and P53 pathways leading to cellular immortality
what is sialolithiasis
stones in the salivary glands
tumours in large glands are more likely to be
BENIGN
tumours in smaller glands are more likely to be
MALIGNANT
which salivary gland is most common for tumour
PAROTID
what is a pleomorphic adenoma
BENIGN tumour, most common in parotid and in females greater than 50
varying morphology
epithelial and myoepithelial cells present in chondromyxoid stroma
require wide excision
small risk of malignant transformation
what type of tumour is a Warthins tumour
BENIGN
where is a Warthins tumour found
most commonly in the parotid
what is a warthins tumour made up of cellularly
mixture of bilayer oncocytic epithelium with dense lymphoid infiltrate
what type of cancer is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma
a malignant
what type of cells is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma made up of
mixture of squamous, intermediate and mucinous epithelium
varying grade
