respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
PARANASAL SINUSES
A
Air-filled cavities w/mucous membranes near bones of skull to make head lighter, give resonance to voice, & make mucus for lubrication; 4 pairs (frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid)
2
Q
FRONTAL PARANASAL SINUSES
A
Frontal bone above eyebrows; infection leads to severe pain
3
Q
SPHENOID PARANASAL SINUSES
A
Behind eye under pituitary close to optic nerve; infection leads to vision damage
4
Q
MAXILLARY PARANASAL SINUSES
A
Largest; under eyes; infection leads to pain posterior maxillary teeth
5
Q
ETHMOID PARANASAL SINUSES
A
Between nose & eyes; irregular shaped air cells thinly separated from orbital cavity
6
Q
PHARYNX
A
Takes air & food; 3 parts (nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx)
7
Q
AKA: PHARYNX
A
The throat
8
Q
NASOPHARYNX
A
Posterior to nasal cavity down behind mouth
9
Q
OROPHARYNX
A
Visible thru mouth between soft palate & epiglottis passing air & food to laryngopharynx
10
Q
LARYNGOPHARYNX
A
After oropharynx; where food & air separate
11
Q
TRACHEA
A
Transport air; in front of esophagus; has flexible C shaped cartilage rings to open tube
12
Q
AKA: TRACHEA
A
Windpipe
13
Q
BRONCHI
A
Branches from trachea
14
Q
AKA: BRONCHI
A
Primary bronchi or bronchial tree
15
Q
ALVEOLI
A
Surrounded by pulmonary cavities for O2 & CO2 exchange & make surfactant for stability
16
Q
AKA: ALVEOLI
A
Air sacs
17
Q
RIGHT LUNG
A
Larger; 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
18
Q
LEFT LUNG
A
2 lobes (upper & lower)
19
Q
MEDIASTINUM
A
Space between lungs
20
Q
PLEURA
A
Thin, moist, & slippery membrane outside lungs & inside thoracic cavity
21
Q
PARIETAL PLEURA
A
Outer layer lining walls of thoracic cavity, covers diaphragm, & forms lung sacs; attaches to chest wall
22
Q
VISCERAL PLEURA
A
Inner layer that covers & attaches to lungs
23
Q
PLEURAL CAVITY
A
Thin fluid filled area between parietal & visceral pleura for lubrication
24
Q
AKA: PLEURAL CAVITY
A
Pleural space
25
PHRENIC NERVES
Stimulate diaphragm to contract
26
WHAT 2 THINGS CONSIST RESPIRATION
1 inhale + 1 exhale
27
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Breathing
28
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Cellular gas exchange
29
INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts & moves down for expansion & the created negative pressure draws air in
30
EXHALATION
Diaphragm relaxes & moves up to increase pressure
31
ADENOIDS
Mass of gland-like lymphoid tissues @ back of upper pharynx
32
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Group of disease that obstruct bronchial air flow; s/s: persistent dyspnea w/exertion, chronic cough, <50% normal inspiratory capacity
33
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Airways inflamed from irritants
34
EMPHYSEMA
Progressive long-term loss of lung function with decrease in # of alveoli making it harder to breathe & expand; alveoli also abnormally big in size & lose elasticity leading to SOB & impaired heart function
35
AIRWAY INFLAMMATION
Bronchi swell & clog w/mucus gen after allergies
36
BRONCHOSPASM
Spasm of smooth muscles in bronchi walls
37
UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Caused by any of 200 viruses; inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes
38
AKA: UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Acute nasopharyngitis, common cold or rhinopharyngitis
39
ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Allergic disease of mucous membranes in nose & upper respiratory bc of exposure to pollen/allergenic substance
40
NONALLERGENIC RHINITIS
Not caused by allergen; ex) cold air, meds, spicy food
41
AKA: ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Allergy for airborne allergen or hay fever
42
CROUP
Acute respiratory infection in kids & infants; s/s: larynx obstruction, hoarseness, swelling of vocal cords, bark cough, stridor
43
STRIDOR
Harsh & high pitch sound from blockage
44
EPISTAXIS
Nose bleed
45
CAUSE: EPISTAXIS
Dry air, medication, high blood pressure
46
INFLUENZA
Acute, highly contagious viral infection spread via droplets; s/s: respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, muscle pain
47
PERTUSSIS
Contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory; s/s: recurrent paroxysmal cough, breathlessness, noisy inspiration; preventable w/vaccine (DTap/Tdap)
48
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)
Common & highly contagious viral infection spread via droplets; gen mild & cold-like; can lead to bronchiolitis
49
RHINORRHEA
Runny nose
50
AKA: PHARYNGITIS
Sore throat
51
STREP THROAT
Pharyngitis from bacteria; red, painful, & purulent throat
52
LARYNGOSPASM
Sudden spasmodic closure of larynx; sometimes w/GERD
53
APHONIA
Only able to whisper
54
AKA: APHONIA
Lost voice
55
DYSPHONIA
Difficulty speaking; s/s: hoarseness, weakness, cracking
56
LARYNGITIS
Voice lost bc of inflammation of larynx
57
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of bronchi gen from viral infection; s/s: productive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, low fever
58
AKA: ACUTE BRONCHITIS
Chest cold
59
BRONCHIECTASIS
Permanent thickening of bronchi walls bc of chronic infection & inflammation
60
BRONCHORRHEA
Excessive discharge of water mucus from bronchi bc chronic bronchitis or asthma
61
PLEURISY
Inflammation of pleura
62
AKA: PLEURISY
Pleuritis
63
CAUSE: PLEURISY
Trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, infection
64
PLEURODYNIA
Sharp chest pain bc of pleurisy; inflamed pleural membranes rub w/inhalation
65
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Excess accumulation of fluid in pleural space leading to fluid into pleural cavity causing limited lung expansion & breathlessness; common w/pneumonia, CHF, & kidney/liver disease
66
PYOTHORAX
Pus in pleural cavity between pleural layers bc of bacterial infection
67
AKA: PYOTHORAX
Pleural empyema
68
EMPYEMA
Collection of pus in any body cavity
69
HEMOTHORAX
Blood/bodily fluid in pleural cavity bc of trauma, disease, or surgery; common w/pneumonia, TB, & malignant tumors
70
PNEUMOTHORAX
Air in pleural space causing pressure imbalance & full/partial collapse bc of trauma/lung disease related rupture
71
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
Lung inflammation & fluid in alveoli cause low O2 levels bc O2 can’t reach blood
72
CAUSE OF ARDS
Trauma, pneumonia, smoke/fumes, inhaled vomit, sepsis
73
ATELECTASIS
Incomplete expansion of part/all lung from blockage or pneumothorax; alveoli can’t expand
74
AKA: ATELECTASIS
Collapsed lung
75
GRANULOMA
Local area of inflammation in lungs
76
PULMONARY EDEMA
Fluid in lung tissue (esp alveoli); gen symptom for heart failure
77
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Sudden blockage of pulmonary artery from embolus
78
TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
Infectious disease that gen attacks lungs & in ppl w/weak immune systems; can be latent in healthy ppl & drug resistant
79
PNEUMONIA
Alveoli & air passages filled w/pus & fluid
80
CAUSE: PNEUMONIA
Infection, bacteria, fungi, virus, aspiration, pollution/chemical
81
COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP)
From contagious infection outside hospital; gen bacterial but can be fungal/viral
82
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
Bacterial pneumonia that gen leads to lobar pneumonia
83
LOBAR PNEUMONIA
At least 1 lobe affected
84
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
Defenses impaired & acquired @ hospital
85
AKA: HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
Nosocomial pneumonia
86
MYCOPLASMA
Milder & longer lasting; bacterial
87
AKA: MYCOPLASMA
Walking pneumonia
88
PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP or PJP)
Opportunistic pneumonia caused by fungus
89
STATISTIC OF VIRAL PNEUMONIA
~1/2 all pneumonia
90
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
Group of about 200 disorders causing inflammation & scarring of alveoli & other structures; scarred & stiff cause low O2 transfer
91
PULMONARY FIBROSIS
"Progressive formation of scar tissue in lung causing difficulty breathing & decreased lung capacity; an interstitial
92
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Fibrosis of lung tissues bc of mineral dust
93
ASBESTOSIS
Asbestos particles in lung
94
SILICOSIS
Silica dust in lungs
95
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Genetic bc of 2 faulty genes affecting respiratory, digestive, & reproductive; can’t easily process mucus leading to buildup, lungs & pancreas become clogged
96
S/S: CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Lung damage, poor growth, nutritional deficiencies, wheezing, persistent cough, chronic respiratory infections, heat intolerance, pancreatic insufficiency, excessive mucus in lungs, lots of sweating, impaired secretion of intestinal fluids
97
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Leading cause of cancer death; origin in bronchi
98
AKA: BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Lung cancer
99
BRADYPNEA
Slow heart rate (<10/min)
100
CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION
Irregular breathing pattern w/alt. rapid/shallow breath & bradypnea/apnea; in comatose & near death ppl
101
TACHYPNEA
Abnormally fast respiration (> 20/min)
102
DYSPNEA
Difficult/painful breathing
103
AKA: DYSPNEA
Shortness of breath
104
HYPERPNEA
Gen w/exertion, high altitude, anemia, or sepsis; breathe deeper & more rapid than @ rest
105
HYPERVENTILATION
Faster, deeper, & excessive breathing decreasing CO2 in blood; s/s: anxiety, dizziness, numbness, rapid breathing, tingling hands/feet
106
HYPOVENTILATION
Shallow/slow respiration
107
AKA: HYPOVENTILATION
Hypopnea
108
EXPECTORATION
Coughing/spitting up saliva/mucus/fluid
109
HEMOPTYSIS
Spitting up blood/blood stained sputum
110
ANOXIA
Absence of O2 in body even w/good blood flow; >4 min = irreversible brain damage
111
HYPOXIA
Deficient O2 levels in body, less severe than anoxia
112
CAUSE: HYPOXIA
Trauma, lung disease, cardiovascular problems, carbon monoxide poisoning, high altitudes
113
ASPHYXIA
Loss of consciousness when not enough O2
114
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
High CO interfere w/using O2; s/s: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, SOB, headaches, lethargy, confusion
115
HYPERCAPNIA
Weirdly high CO2 buildup in blood
116
AKA: HYPERCAPNIA
CO2 retention
117
HYPOXEMIA
Low O2 levels in blood
118
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Respiratory acidosis; O2 dangerously low or CO2 dangerously high
119
ORTHOPNEA
Breathing easier when sitting up
120
RALES
Abnormal crackling sound w/inhalation indicating fluid or mucus
121
RHONCHI
Coarse rattling/high pitched snoring indicating narrowing of air passageway
122
WHEEZING
High pitched sound w/exhalation
123
DIPTHERIA
Serious infection of nose & throat where thick sheet of gray matter covers pharynx obstructing air; preventable w/vaccine
124
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
Potentially fatal viral infection affecting respiratory & can cause multiorgan failure
125
BRONCHOSCOPY
Camera thru nose/mouth to airways
126
LARYNGOSCOPY
Flexible/rigid camera thru mouth
127
PEAK FLOW METER
Measure air flow out of lungs
128
POLYSOMNOGRAPHY
Physiological activity during sleep
129
AKA: POLYSOMNOGRAPHY
Sleep study
130
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS (PFTs)
Tests measure volume, air flow, & gas exchange; factors being gender, height, & sex
131
SPIROMETER
Tool measures air capacity & time for every breath
132
PULSE OXIMETER
On finger/earlobe to measure O2 saturation
133
SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
Mucus coughed up & examined for cancer
134
SPUTUM CULTURE & SENSITIVITY
Mucus coughed up & monitor for bacterial growth; if growth, test sensitivity/resistance to antibiotics; diagnostic & treatment
135
TB SKIN TESTING
Small amount of tuberculin purified protein derivative injected under skin & check reaction 48 hrs later
136
AKA: TB SKIN TESTING
Mantoux PPD skin test
137
PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
X-ray visual of arteries & veins w/contrast
138
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASSES (TEST) {ABGs}
Assess levels of O2 & CO2 in blood
139
SWEAT TEST
Aid diagnosis of CF by measuring sodium in sweat; stimulate sweat w/chemical & electrode
140
VENTILATION/PERFUSION (V/Q) SCAN
Nuclear medicine diagnostic w/inhalation of radioactive air to see if lungs fill & inject dye to see blood flow
141
AKA: ANTITUSSIVE
Cough medicine
142
AKA: DECONGESTANT
Nasal decongestant
143
EXPECTORANT
Makes mucus thin & less viscous to be easy to cough up
144
BRONCHODILATOR
Inhaled drug relax & expand bronchi & relax muscle spasms in bronchial tubes; short or long acting
145
NEBULIZER
Turn liquid medicine to mist for inhalation
146
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
Tube into trachea to establish/maintain airway
147
FUNCTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY (FESS)
Treat chronic sinusitis w/endoscope
148
LARYNGOTOMY
Surgical incision into larynx done when upper airway obstructed
149
SEPTOPLASTY
Surgical repair of nasal septum
150
TRACHEOSTOMY
Surgical creation of stoma into trachea inferior vocal cords by inserting temporary/permanent tube for breathing
151
PNEUMONECTOMY
Surgical removal of all/part lung
152
LOBECTOMY
Surgical removal of organ lobe
153
WEDGE RESECTION
Small wedge shape of lung cancer removed
154
THORACENTESIS
Surgical puncture of chest wall w/needle to aspirate fluid from pleural sac
155
THORACOTOMY
Incision into chest wall to open pleural access lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, etc
156
VIDEO ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY (VATS)
Thoracoscope to look inside pleural & biopsy tissue & treat repeated collapsed lungs
157
BILEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
Machine change pressure w/respirations
158
AKA: BILEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
BiPAP machine
159
VENTILATOR
Device for artificial respirations; forced inhalation & exhalation natural
160
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY (HBOT)
Breathe & absorb pure O2; promote healing, fight infection, treat CO poison
161
AEROSOL THERAPY
Inhaled meds in mist via nebulizer/inhaler
162
CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
Machine gives mild air pressure to keep airways open
163
AKA: CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
CPAP
164
POSTURAL DRAINAGE
Drain pulmonary secretions, head should be lower than feet
165
BETA-ANDRENERGIC AGONIST
Drug dilates bronchi
166
GLUCOCORTICOID
Drug suppressing inflammation
167
MAST CELL STABILIZER
Drug inhibits release of histamines
168
MUCOLYTIC
Loosen mucus
169
SPUTUM
Phlegm ejected via mouth for diagnostics
170
PHLEGM
Thick mucus secreted from respiratory passage
171
OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
ENT specialist: treats ear, nose, throat conditions
