digestive Flashcards
1
Q
ILEUM
A
Last & longest part of small intestine
2
Q
PERITONEUM
A
Multilayered membrane protecting & holding organs in abdominal cavity
3
Q
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
A
Outer layer of peritoneum lining interior abdominal wall
4
Q
MESENTERY
A
Fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of intestine to interior abdominal wall
5
Q
VISCERAL PERITONEUM
A
Inner layer of peritoneum surrounding organs of abdominal cavity
6
Q
RETROPERITONEAL
A
Behind peritoneum
7
Q
PARTS/SECTIONS OF THE GI TRACT
A
Upper: mouth to stomach; Lower: small intestine to anus; Accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder
8
Q
PALATE
A
Roof of the mouth comprised of 3 parts
9
Q
HARD PALATE
A
Anterior part of the palate covered w/mucous membranes
10
Q
SOFT PALATE
A
Flexible, posterior part of the palate that closes the nasal passageway when swallowing
11
Q
UVULA
A
Structure that hangs from the soft palate (3rd part) that moves when swallowing & allows snoring/formation of sounds
12
Q
TONGUE
A
Strong, flexible muscle attached posteriorly
13
Q
DORSUM
A
Upper surface of tongue w/protective covering & papillae
14
Q
SUBLINGUAL SURFACE
A
Highly vascular part of tongue that can absorb medication
15
Q
LINGUAL FRENUM
A
Attaches tongue to floor of mouth to limit motion
16
Q
PERIODONTIUM
A
Structures surrounding, supporting, & attached to teeth
17
Q
GINGIVA
A
Mucous membranes covering dental arches
18
Q
AKA: GINGIVA
A
Masticatory mucosa or gums
19
Q
SULCUS
A
Space between tooth & gingiva
20
Q
DENTAL ARCHES
A
Bony structures holding teeth (maxillary & mandibular attached by TMI)
21
Q
OCCLUSION
A
Contact between chewing surfaces of jaws
22
Q
PARTS OF THE TEETH
A
Crown, root, cervix, dentin, pulp cavity/root canal, pulp
23
Q
SALIVA
A
Substance that maintains teeth health & begins digestion (amylase)
24
Q
ESOPHAGUS
A
Tube from pharynx to stomach
25
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL/CARDIAC SPHINCTER
Between esophagus & stomach to prevent regurgitation
26
PARTS OF THE STOMACH
Fundus: upper round part; Body: main; Antrum: lower part
27
RUGAE
Fold in mucosa stomach lining allowing increase & decrease in size
28
GASTRIC JUICES
Enzymes & HCl
29
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
Ring @ base of stomach before duodenum
30
PYLORUS
Passage connecting stomach & intestine
31
PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
32
CECUM
From ileum to colon
33
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Mass of lymphoid tissue hangs from lower part of cecum
34
COLON
Longest part of large intestine split in 4 parts
35
ORDER OF COLON PARTS
Ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid
36
RECTUM
Last 4” of large intestines to anus
37
ANUS
Controlled by internal & external sphincters
38
ANORECTAL
Anus & rectum as 1 unit
39
LIVER
Removes excess blood sugar via glycogen & creates bile & bilirubin
40
BILE
Digest fat
41
BILIRUBIN
Pigment made from hemoglobin breakdown to bile
42
BILIARY TREE
Channels transporting bile to small intestine
43
COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
Trunk of biliary tree
44
COMMON BILE DUCT
Common hepatic duct + cystic duct
45
GALLBLADDER
Concentrates & stores bile under liver; pushes bile thru biliary tree via contraction
46
METABOLISM
All processes involving usage of nutrients
47
ABSORPTION
Completely digested nutrients transported to cells
48
MASTICATION
Chewing
49
BOLUS
Mass of chewed food w/saliva
50
CHYME
Semifluid mass of partly digested food past the stomach
51
BORBORYGMUS
Rumbling sound from gas/fluid movement
52
PANCREATIC ENZYMES
Amylase, lipase, protease, insulin
53
AMYLASE
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbs/sugars
54
LIPASE
Pancreatic enzyme that helps break down fat
55
PROTEASE
Pancreatic enzyme that helps break down proteins
56
INSULIN
Pancreatic enzyme aiding in absorption of sugar
57
WHICH IS USED MORE COMMONLY: GASTRALGIA OR GASTRODYNIA
Gastralgia
58
AKA: GASTROENTERITIS
Stomach bug
59
S/S: GASTROENTERITIS
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
60
S/S: GASTRITIS
Nausea & vomiting
61
CAUSE: GASTRITIS
Bacteria
62
ABDOMINOCENTESIS
Surgical puncture of abdomen to remove fluid
63
PYELITIS
Inflammation of renal pelvis
64
PYROSIS
Discomfort bc of regurgitation of stomach acid
65
PYROSIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Heartburn
66
PERITONITIS
Inflammation of peritoneum/abdominal cavity
67
CAUSE: PERITONITIS
Bacterial infection gen after ruptured organ/trauma
68
CANKER SORES
Gray-white pits w/red border inside mouth
69
AKA: CANKER SORES
Aphthous ulcers
70
CAUSE: CANKER SORES
Unknown, stress, food, fever
71
CHEILITIS
Inflammation of lips w/crack-like sores @ corners of mouth
72
CHEILITIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Cheilosis
73
COLD SORES
Blisters on face
74
AKA: COLD SORES
Herpes labialis or fever blisters
75
LEUKOPLAKIA
Abnormal white & gen benign sore on tongue/inside cheek/genitalia/digestive tract/urinary tract
76
CAUSE: LEUKOPLAKIA
Chronic irritation of mouth (or other structure)
77
STOMATITIS
Inflammation of mucosa of mouth
78
ORAL THRUSH
Fungal infection of mouth w/creamy white lesions on tongue/inner cheek
79
ORAL THRUSH IS GENERALLY SEEN IN
Infants, seniors w/weak immune system, ppl on antibiotics
80
TRISMUS
Restriction to opening mouth
81
CAUSE: TRISMUS
Trauma, surgery, radiation
82
TRISMUS IS ALSO CALLED
Lockjaw
83
TRISMUS CAN IMPAIR
Speaking, swallowing, & nutrition
84
XEROSTOMIA IS ALSO CALLED
Dry mouth
85
CAUSE OF XEROSTOMIA
Medications or radiation
86
S/S: XEROSTOMIA
Discomfort, difficulty swallowing, dental decay, change in taste
87
CLEFT LIP PALATE
Palate (upper lip, hard palate, soft palate) fails to close
88
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED W/CLEFT LIP PALATE
Difficult to eat & speak
89
BRUXISM
Involuntary teeth grinding w/sleep or stress
90
ISSUES W/BRUXISM
Wear down teeth, damage periodontal tissue, injure TMI
91
CAUSE: DENTAL CARIES
Bacteria
92
DENTAL PLAQUE
Major cause of cavities & periodontal disease from bacteria & bacterial by-products
93
EDENTULOUS
Without permanent teeth
94
HALITOSIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Bad breath
95
CAUSE: HALITOSIS
Dental disease, respiratory/gastric disorders
96
MALOCCLUSION
Progressive disease of inflammation around teeth
97
MALOCCLUSION IS ALSO CALLED
Periodontitis
98
DENTAL CALCULUS
Calcified dental plaque
99
DENTAL CALCULUS IS ALSO CALLED
Tartar
100
GUM RECESSION
Shrinking of gingival tissue w/age
101
ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS IS ALSO CALLED
Trench mouth or ANUG
102
CAUSE: ANUG
Abnormal bacteria growth in mouth
103
S/S: ANUG
Inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, necrosis
104
DYSPHAGIA
Difficult/painful swallowing
105
EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS
Chronic immune disease where eosinophils build up in esophagus
106
ESOPHAGITIS
Inflammation of esophagus lining
107
CAUSE: ESOPHAGITIS
Infection or stomach acids from GERD
108
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Acid reflux
109
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE IS ALSO CALLED
GERD
110
BARRET’S ESOPHAGUS
Epithelial cells of esophagus damaged from chronic acid exposure
111
BARET’S ESOPHAGUS IS ASSOCIATED W/WHAT THINGS
Can be developed from GERD; can increase risk of esophageal cancer
112
STRICTURE
Abnormal narrowing of passage from scar tissue/damage
113
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Twisted & swollen veins distal esophagus/upper stomach
114
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES ARE ASSOCIATED W/
Serious liver disease & severe bleeding (rupture)
115
GASTROPARESIS
Gastric motility slows down, delaying gastric emptying
116
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Gastric/duodenal ulcers affect mucous membranes of digestive
117
CAUSE: PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Bacteria or medications
118
ANOREXIA
Loss of appetite caused by disease
119
CACHEXIA
Physically wasting away from loss of weight & muscle mass where body can’t absorb nutrients
120
FAILURE TO THRIVE
Infant/child doesn’t grow as expected
121
CAUSE: FAILURE TO THRIVE
Any reasons
122
MALABSORPTION
Small intestine can’t absorb nutrients
123
MALNUTRITION
Lack of proper food/nutrients
124
CAUSE: MALNUTRITION
Shortage of food, poor eating habits, inability to digest/absorb/distribute nutrients
125
AEROPHAGIA
Excessive swallowing of air while eating/drinking
126
AEROPHAGIA IS ASSOCIATED W/WHAT
Gas in stomach
127
DYSPEPSIA
Pain/discomfort during digestion
128
DYSPEPSIA IS ALSO CALLED
Indigestion
129
HEMATEMESIS
Vomiting coagulated blood
130
GLUTEN INTOLERANCE
Digestive distress but no intestinal damage
131
GLUTEN INTOLERANCE IS ALSO CALLED
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
132
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Absence of lactase to process lactose
133
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE IS COMMON IN WHAT DEMOGRAPHICS
AA & East Asians
134
S/S: SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL GROWTH
Gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation
135
COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
1st appears as polyps in colon, rectum or both
136
COLORECTAL CARCINOMA IS ALSO CALLED
Colon cancer
137
POLYPS
Mushroom-like growth from mucous membrane that is benign/malignant
138
DIVERTICULOSIS
Chronic abnormal # of diverticula in weak spots of colon wall/GI
139
DIVERTICULUM
Small pouch in lining of wall/tubular organ
140
DIVERTICULOSIS IS COMMON IN WHAT DEMOGRAPHIC
Ppl +50 yrs
141
DIVERTICULITIS
Inflammation/infection of at least 1 diverticulum of colon
142
S/S: DIVERTICULITIS
Sudden abdominal pain, cramping, nausea
143
CAUSE: ENTERITIS
Ingestion of viral/bacterial infection
144
ISCHEMIC COLITIS
Part of large intestine partly/completely deprived of blood
145
ILEUS
Part/complete blockage of small/large intestine
146
CAUSE: ILEUS
Stopping of peristalsis in area or abdominal surgery (temporary & normal 24-72 hrs post op)
147
S/S: ILEUS
Severe pain, cramping, distention, vomiting, inability to fart/defecate, fever
148
S/S: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Common group of symptoms: intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, constipation w/stress & tension, diarrhea, bloating
149
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Disease-causing inflammation of intestines causing an increase in risk of colorectal cancer; chronic, incurable, flares
150
S/S: IBD
Abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, enteropathic arthritis, diarrhea
151
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Autoimmune; chronic inflammation of rectum & large intestines -> ulcers & irritation. Only affects innermost lining & increase risk for colon cancer
152
CROHN’S DISEASE
Autoimmune; inflammation of anywhere in GI tract (gen ileum & colon); affects every layer of tissue -> scarring & thickening -> blockage
153
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Part/complete blockage of either intestine from physical object
154
CAUSE: INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Scar tissue, tumor, bezoar (indigestible materials)
155
STRANGULATING OBSTRUCTION
Blood to intestines blocked -> necrosis, gangrene, perforation
156
INTESTINAL ADHESIONS
Fibrous bands bind intestines together bc of trauma/inflammation
157
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Folding of 1 part of intestine into opening of adjacent section
158
VOLVULUS
Twisting of intestine
159
STRANGULATED HERNIA
Intestine in hernia constricted -> ischemia
160
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
Bacterial infection causing diarrhea & inflammation of colon
161
DYSENTERY
Bacterial infection spread thru food/H2O contaminated w/feces
162
CAUSE: E. COLI
Bacteria thru poorly cooked food
163
SALMONELLOSIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Salmonella
164
CAUSE: SALMONELLOSIS
Transmit via feces; eating undercooked meat, seafood, eggs, unpasteurized dairy
165
CONSTIPATION
< 3 bowel movements/wk; stool hard, dry, small, & difficult to dry
166
CAUSE: CONSTIPATION
Lack of fiber, disease, medication, pelvic floor dysfunction
167
HEMORRHOIDS
Cluster of veins, muscles, tissue slip near/thru anal opening & varicose veins of anus
168
S/S: HEMORRHOIDS
Pain, fecal leakage, itching, bleeding
169
RECTOCELE
Bulging/herniation of front wall of rectum into vaginal wall
170
RECTOCELE IS ALSO CALLED
Rectal prolapse
171
CAUSE: RECTOCELE
Birth, pregnancy
172
HEMATOCHEZIA
Bright red blood in stool (bleed lower GI)
173
MELENA
Black, tarry, foul smelling stools from digested blood from bleeding in upper GI
174
STEATORRHEA
Excess fat in stool -> frothy & foul-smelling stools
175
CAUSE: STEATORRHEA
Pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder, malabsorption disorders
176
ASCITES
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity
177
CAUSE: ASCITES
Gen severe liver disease
178
HEPATITIS
Inflammation of liver from viral infection; leading cause of liver cancer & transplants
179
HEPATITIS A
Highly contagious & acute from contaminated food & H2O w/infected feces; vaccine
180
HEPATITIS B
Bloodborne disease & chronic; transmit via bodily fluids; vaccine, potentially fatal
181
HEPATITIS C
Bloodborne disease & chronic; transmit via bodily fluids; asymptomatic for years & destroy liver; no vaccine, potentially fatal
182
CIRRHOSIS
Chronic degenerative disease of liver w/scarring; fills w/fat -> other issues
183
CAUSE: CIRRHOSIS
Excessive alcohol, drug, medication use, hepatitis B or C
184
NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH)
More serious version of NAFLD; fatty accumulations + liver inflammation -> cirrhosis, irreversible scarring, cancer
185
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)
Accumulation of fat in liver not bc of alcohol; leading liver disorder in US
186
CHOLANGITIS
Acute inflammation of bile duct
187
CAUSE: CHOLANGITIS
Generally bacterial infection
188
S/S: CHOLANGITIS
Pain in RUQ, fever, jaundice
189
CHOLECYSTITIS
Inflammation of gallbladder; associate w/gallstones
190
GALLSTONES
Hard deposit from concentration of bile in gallbladder & ducts
191
GALLSTONES ARE ALSO CALLED
Cholelith
192
ANAL FISTULA
Abnormal passageway between anus & skin near anus
193
CAUSE: ANAL FISTULA
Infection -> abscess
194
CHOLELITHIASIS
abnormal condition of stones in gallbladder
195
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Inflammation & degeneration of gums, teeth, & bone
196
JAUNDICE
Yellowing of skin/tissue bc of high bilirubin levels in the blood
197
CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Examine bile ducts w/medium thru x-ray to show obstructions
198
ENEMA
Solution into rectum & colon to clear lower intestine
199
WHAT CAN BE USED TO TREAT SEVERE CONSTIPATION OR PREP FOR ENDOSCOPY/MEDS?
Enema
200
ESOPHAGOGASTRO-DUODENOSCOPY (EGD)
Endoscopy viewing esophagus, stomach, duodenum, & upper GI
201
UPPER & LOWER GI SERIES
Radiographic studies w/contrast
202
UPPER GI SERIES
Barium swallow showing stomach & duodenum
203
LOWER GI SERIES
Barium enema showing large intestine & rectum
204
BREATH TEST
Diagnose certain intestinal disorders
205
ENDOSCOPY
Visual exam of internal structures via scope
206
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
Endoscope using tiny, wireless camera
207
ANOSCOPY
Visual exam of inner surface of large intestine
208
SIGMOIDOSCOPY
Endoscopic exam of interior rectum, sigmoid colon, & mab part of descending colon
209
COLONOSCOPY
Visual exam of inner surface of large intestine
210
HEMOCCULT TEST
Lab test looking for hidden blood in feces
211
HEMOCCULT TEST IS ALSO CALLED
Fecal occult blood test
212
ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
Sound waves make pics to diagnose liver cysts, gallstones, tissue abscesses, & organ enlargement
213
PROTOSCOPY
Visual exam of rectum w/scope
214
GASTROSCOPY
Visual exam of stomach w/scope
215
LAPAROSCOPY
Examine any organ w/small scope thru ab wall
216
FLUOROSCOPY
X-ray using fluoroscope for real-time moving images of body interior; can study swallow mechanism
217
AMYLASE (TEST)
Blood test detect elevated levels of enzyme common in pancreatic disorders
218
LIVER PROFILE
Blood test measure different enzymes involved in liver functions & waste products
219
SEROLOGY
Diagnose infection using known antigen/antibody to find common antigen/antibody reaction
220
COLOSTOMY
Artificial excretory opening between colon & body surface via surgery
221
DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS
Exam, cleaning, & polishing teeth & gums
222
FILLING
Remove damaged area of tooth & filling it
223
ORTHODONTICS
Treatment of alignment & malocclusion of teeth & jaw
224
DENTAL IMPLANT
Anchor crown/bridge/denture to jawbone
225
BRIDGE
Fixed prosthesis to join +1 fake teeth to real ones
226
ROOT CANAL PROCEDURE
Procedure removing damaged pulp in root canal & filling space
227
GINGIVECTOMY
Surgical removal of diseased gum tissue
228
PURPOSE OF MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
Correct deformities, treat disease, repair injury
229
PALATOPLASTY
Surgical repair of cleft palate/lip
230
ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamins A, C, E; carotene; & lutein that block free radicals, preventing cell damage
231
PROBIOTICS
Living microorganisms
232
ANTACIDS
Neutralize stomach acids
233
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
Block enzyme in stomach wall making acids to treat symptoms of GERD
234
ANTIEMETIC
Drug to prevent/relieve nausea & vomiting
235
PURPOSE OF LAXATIVES
Stimulate bowel movements
236
ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
Electrolyte solutions to counteract dehydration in young kids
237
ENTERAL NUTRITION
Eat via mouth/tube
238
NASOGASTRIC INTUBATION
Put temporary nasogastric (NG) tube
239
GASTROSTOMY TUBE
Feeding tube directly to stomach for long term use; G-tube
240
PARENTAL NUTRITION
Deliver via IV where can’t/shouldn’t get nutrition via digestion
241
BARIATRIC SURGERY
All surgical treatments for severe obesity to limit food intake & food absorption
242
GASTRIC BYPASS
Irreversible & very common procedure to make stomach smaller
243
LAP-BAND/ADJUSTABLE GASTRIC BANDING
Inflatable band around exterior of stomach
244
SLEEVE BARIATRIC SURGERY
Reduce stomach by 75%
245
COLECTOMY
Surgical removal of all/part of colon
246
DIVERTICULECTOMY
Surgical removal of diverticulum
247
GASTRODUODENOSTOMY
Establishment of anastomosis between upper portion & duodenum to treat stomach cancer/remove poor pyloric valve
248
ANASTOMOSIS
Surgical connection between 2 hollow, tubular structures
249
ILEECTOMY
Surgical removal of ileum
250
FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION
Restore gut bacteria
251
FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION IS ALSO CALLED
Fecal transplant therapy
252
CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Removal of gallbladder to treat gallstones
253
ACID BLOCKER
Group of drugs to block stomach acid production
254
BARIATRICS
Medicine focusing on prevention & management of obesity & associated diseases
255
PROCTOLOGIST
Specialize in colon, rectum, & anus
