nervous/special senses Flashcards
1
Q
AGEUSIA
A
Absence of gustatory sense (taste)
2
Q
ANOSMIA
A
Absence of olfactory sense (smell)
3
Q
AKA: ANOSMIA
A
Anosphrasia
4
Q
DYSGEUSIA
A
Taste impaired leading to either an unpleasant taste when previously pleasant or a taste w/o stimulus
5
Q
HYPEROSMIA
A
Abnormally heightened sense of smell
6
Q
HYPOSMIA
A
Abnormally weak sense of smell
7
Q
FISSURE
A
Normal folds in contours of brain
8
Q
PNS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves
9
Q
NERVE
A
At least 1 bundle of neurons
10
Q
TRACT
A
Bundle/group of nerve fibers in brain/spinal cord
11
Q
GANGLION
A
Nerve center made of cluster of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
12
Q
INNERVATION
A
Supply of nerves to specific body part
13
Q
PLEXUS
A
Network of intersecting spinal nerves
14
Q
RECEPTORS
A
Sites in sensory organs getting stimulation
15
Q
STIMULUS
A
Anything that excites nerve to cause impulse
16
Q
REFLEX
A
Automatic, involuntary response to any change
17
Q
AFFERENT NEURONS
A
Sensory
18
Q
EFFERENT NEURONS
A
Motor
19
Q
CONNECT/ASSOCIATE NEURONS
A
Link afferent & efferent neurons
20
Q
DENDRITES
A
Root-like processes that receive impulses & conduct to cell body
21
Q
AXON
A
Process that conducts impulse away from cell
22
Q
TERMINAL END FIBERS
A
Branching fibers @ end of axon that lead nerve impulse from axon to synapse
23
Q
SYNAPSE
A
Space between 2 neurons/neuron & receptor; 1 neuron can have few/hundreds
24
Q
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A
Chemical substances that allow for messages to cross synapse to receptors; 200-300 known
25
ACETYLCHOLINE
Neurotransmitter for muscle action
26
DOPAMINE
Neurotransmitter for motivation, pleasure, & movement
27
ENDORPHINS
Neurotransmitter that relieves pain
28
NOREPINEPHRINE
Neurotransmitter for alertness & arousal
29
SEROTONIN
Neurotransmitter for sleep, hunger, & pleasure
30
GLIAL CELLS
Support & protect neurons by surrounding & holding neurons in place, supply nutrients & O2 to neurons, insulate, & destroy & remove neurons
31
AKA: GLIAL CELLS
Neuroglial cells
32
MYELIN SHEATH
Protective covering made of glial cells that covers some of spinal cord & most peripheral nerves; white sheath signifies white matter
33
MENINGES
System of membranes enclosing brain & cord w/3 layers of connective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, & pia mater)
34
DURA MATER
Outermost layer of meninges that is thick & tough, lining inner surface of cranium
35
ARACHNOID MEMBRANE
2nd layer of meninges that is loosely attached to other layers to allow fluid to flow in between
36
PIA MATER
3rd layer of meninges nearest brain & cord, delicate w/blood vessels
37
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Clear, colorless, & water fluid that cools & cushions organs & transports nutrients/chemicals; made by special capillaries in ventricles in middle of cerebrum
38
CEREBRUM
Largest & uppermost part of brain responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion, & motor & sensory functions
39
CEREBRAL
Pertaining to cerebrum/brain
40
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter, gyri, & sulci
41
CEREBRAL LOBES
Subdivided parts of hemispheres (frontal, parietal, occipital, & temporal)
42
THALAMUS
Below cerebrum that produce sensations & relay impulses to & from cerebrum & sense organs
43
HYPOTHALAMUS
Below thalamus regulating ANS, sleep-wakefulness cycles, thirst, hunger, temperature, emotional response, & endocrine system; secretes hormones (GHRH, GHIH, CRH, GnRH, TRH)
44
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)
Stimulates release of GH from pituitary
45
GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE (GHIH)
Inhibits release of GH from pituitary
46
CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
Regulate release of adrenocorticotropic from pituitary
47
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)
Regulate release of LH & FSH from pituitary
48
THROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
Regulate release of TSH from pituitary
49
CEREBELLUM
2nd largest part of brain that receive incoming messages about movement to make smooth & coordinate movement & maintain equilibrium & normal posture
50
BRAINSTEM
Connects hemispheres; consists of midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
51
MIDBRAIN & PONS
Conduction pathways to & from high & low brain centers on brain stem that respond to visual & auditory stimuli & reflexes of eyes & head
52
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Lowest part of brain stem, connected to stem that controls basic survival
53
SPINAL CORD
Long, fragile & tube-like structure surrounded & protected by CSF & meninges
54
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Controls involuntary actions & consists of sympathetic & parasympathetic
55
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Prepares for emergencies & stress; reaction to real or imaginary danger
56
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Returns body to normal after stress & maintains normal function
57
COGNITION
Mental activities w/memory, thinking, & learning
58
ADNEXA OF EYES
Structures outside eyeball including orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, & lacrimal apparatus
59
AKA: ADNEXA OF THE EYES
Adnexa oculi
60
ORBIT
Bony cavity containing & protecting eyeball
61
AKA: ORBIT
Eye socket
62
EYE MUSCLES
3 pairs to create wide range of movement (superior & inferior oblique & rectus + lateral & medial rectus)
63
BINOCULAR VISION
Both eyes work together to create 3D depth perception
64
CANTHUS
Angle upper & lower eyelids meet
65
CILIA
Small hairs of brows & lashes
66
TARSUS
Framework within upper & lower eyelid to create its stiffness & shape
67
AKA: TARSUS
Tarsal plate
68
CONJUNCTIVA
Transparent mucous membrane lining underside of eyelids acting as protective covering over exposed eye surface
69
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Produce, store, & remove tears; consists of glands, fluid, canal, sac & duct
70
AKA: LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Tear apparatus
71
LACRIMAL GLANDS
Secretes tears
72
LACRIMAL FLUID
Tears; maintain eye moisture
73
LACRIMAL CANAL
Duct @ inner corner of eye that collects tears & empty into lacrimal sacs
74
LACRIMAL SAC
Enlargement of upper part of lacrimal duct
75
AKA: LACRIMAL SAC
Tear sac
76
LACRIMAL DUCT
Drains excess tears into nose
77
AKA: LACRIMAL DUCT
Nasolacrimal duct
78
EYEBALL
1 in sphere w/only 1/6 visible
79
AKA: EYEBALL
Globe
80
SCLERA
Maintains shape & protects inner layers of eye
81
AKA: SCLERA
White of the eye
82
CHOROID
Opaque middle layer w/lots of blood vessels
83
AKA: CHOROID
Choroid coat
84
RETINA
Sensitive innermost layer that receives impulses & transmits to brain
85
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Fluid filling posterior & anterior chambers of eye to maintain eye shape & nourish intraocular; is constantly filtered & drained
86
AKA: AQUEOUS HUMOR
Aqueous fluid
87
ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Between cornea & iris
88
POSTERIOR CHAMBER
Between iris & lens
89
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Measurement of fluid pressure in eye regulated by rate of aqueous humor leaving eye
90
POSTERIOR SEGMENT
2/3 eye from lens to rest of eye lined w/retina & filled w/vitreous humor
91
AKA: VITREOUS HUMOR
Vitreous gel
92
VITREOUS HUMOR
Soft, clear jelly-like mass w/millions of fine fibers attached to retina surface to maintain shape
93
RODS & CONES
Receive images passed thru lens; rods = black & white; cones = color
94
MACULA
Clearly defined light-sensitive area center of retina where vision sharpest
95
AKA: MACULA
Macula lutea
96
FOVEA CENTRALIS
Pit in middle of macula where color vision best (no rods)
97
OPTIC DISK
Where nerve endings enter optic nerves; blind bc there are no cones or rods
98
AKA: OPTIC DISK
Blind spot
99
OPTIC NERVE
Transmits impulses from retina to brain
100
UVEA
Pigmented layer of eye consisting of choroid, ciliary body, & iris
101
CILIARY BODY
In choroid that makes aqueous humor; made of muscles & suspensory ligaments to adjust thickness of lens to focus
102
IRIS
Colorful structure surrounding pupil that controls amount of light entering (low = constrict & high = dilate)
103
CORNEA
Transparent outer surface of eye over iris & pupil that is primary structure for light focus
104
PUPIL
Opening of eye to permit light
105
LENS
Clear, flexible, curved structure in clear capsule that focuses images on retina
106
ACCOMMODATION
Eyes make adjustments for seeing @ distances through contraction, dilation, eye movement, & change lens shape
107
CONVERGENCE
Simultaneous inward movement of eyes toward each other to create single binocular vision as the object moves closer
108
EMMETROPIA
Relationship between refraction & eye shape to focus light on retina
109
REFRACTION
Lens’ ability to bend light rays to focus on retina
110
AKA: REFRACTION
Refractive power
111
VISUAL ACUITY
Ability to distinguish details & shape @ distance tested w/Snellen chart (can detect hyperopia & myopia)
112
AKA: PINNA
Auricle or outer ear
113
PINNA
External part of ear that captures sound waves & transmits to auditory canal
114
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
Transmits sounds from pinna to eardrum
115
CERUMEN
Earwax; traps small insects, dust, debris, & bacteria
116
MIDDLE EAR
Transmits sounds between outer & inner ear; houses auditory ossicles & eustachian tubes
117
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Between outer & middle ear that transmits sounds by vibrating
118
AKA: TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Eardrum
119
MASTOID PROCESS
Temporal bone w/hollow air space surrounding middle ear
120
AUDITORY OSSICLES
3 small bones in middle ear that transmit sound from eardrum to inner ear; malleus/hammer, anvil/incus, stapes/stirrup
121
EUSTACHIAN TUBES
Narrow tubes from middle ear to nasal & throat to equalize air pressure
122
AKA: EUSTACHIAN TUBES
Auditory tubes
123
INNER EAR
Houses receptors for hearing & balance; its structures are called the labyrinth
124
THE LABYRINTH OF THE EAR CONSISTS OF WHAT
Oval window + Cochlea (+ all that it houses)
125
OVAL WINDOW
Opening near vestibule under base of stapes that connects/separates middle from inner ear & vibrations enter here
126
AKA: OVAL WINDOW
Fenestra ovalis
127
COCHLEA
Vibrations lead to nerve impulses; houses cochlear duct, organ of Corti, 3 semicircular canals, & acoustic nerves
128
ORGAN OF CORTI
Receive vibrations from cochlear duct & relay to auditory nerve fibers that transmit to auditory center of brain for interpretation
129
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Connected to cochlea by vestibule & has endolymph liquid & hair cells; hair bends w/movement to maintain equilibrium
130
ACOUSTIC NERVES (CRANIAL NERVE VIII)
Transmit cochlear (hearing) & vestibular (balance)
131
ROUND WINDOW
Opening in middle ear leading to cochlea that allows displacement of fluids in cochlea; the movement of tiny hairs create hearing
132
AKA: ROUND WINDOW
Fenestra rotunda
133
AIR CONDUCTION
Waves enter thru pinna & strike eardrum
134
BONE CONDUCTION
Eardrum vibrates causing auditory ossicles to vibrate causing transmission to oval window
135
SENSORINEURAL CONDUCTION
Sound vibration reaches inner ear & relayed to auditory nerve
136
MYELOPATHY
Any injury/degeneration/disease in spinal cord
137
CEPHALALGIA
Headache
138
MIGRAINE HEADACHE + S/S
Throbbing pain on 1 side of headache sometimes w/warning aura common in women; s/s: nausea, vomiting, light/sound sensitivity
139
CLUSTER HEADACHES + S/S
Intense painful headache on 1 side of head generally in men & repeat in groups; s/s: tearing of eyes & nasal congestion
140
ENCEPHALOCELE
Congenital herniation of brain tissue thru skull gap
141
AKA: ENCEPHALOCELE
Craniocele
142
MENINGOCELE
Congenital hernia of meninges thru defected skull/spine
143
HYDROCEPHALUS
Excess CSF in brain ventricles lead to cephalomegaly which can cause brain damage; common in young kids; can be congenital or caused by obstruction later in life
144
MENINGIOMA
Generally benign tumor of meninges that is common & slow-growing
145
MENINGITIS + S/S
Inflammation of meninges of brain & cord from a bacterial or viral infection outside brain; s/s: intense headache & flu-like symptoms
146
AKA: MENINGITIS
Infectious meningitis
147
CHIARI MALFORMATION + S/S
Congenital disorder where parts of cerebellum extend into spinal cord; s/s: asymptomatic, headache, neck pain, coordination issues
148
ENCEPHALITIS
Inflammation of brain from a viral infection (like rabies)
149
REYE’S SYNDROME (RS) + S/S
Rare, serious & potentially fatal condition in kids (< 18 yrs) that can follow a viral illness treated w/aspirin & leads to acute encephalopathy (brain malfunction) & hepatomegaly; s/s: confusion, seizures, unconsciousness, vomiting
150
TETANUS
Acute & potentially fatal infection of CNS from toxin from tetanus bacteria
151
AKA: TETANUS
Lockjaw
152
TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS)
Complex disorder w/involuntary tics, grunts, & compulsive utterances
153
DEMENTIA
Slowly progressive decline in mental abilities (such as memory, thinking, judgment) & personality changes
154
VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Dementia caused by stroke/restriction of blood; makes up 10-20% of all dementia cases
155
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
An umbrella term for disorders w/progressive loss of neuron structure/function
156
AKA: NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Degenerative nerve disease
157
ALZHEIMER’S (AD)
Group of disorders w/a form of dementia, progressive deterioration of memory & reasoning, & atrophy of frontal & occipital lobes
158
S/S: ALZHEIMER’S
Progressive, irreversible memory loss; intellect deterioration; speech & gait disturbances; apathy; disorientation
159
PARKINSON’S (PD) + S/S
Chronic, degenerative CNS disorder w/gradual progressive loss of control of movement from inadequate dopamine; s/s: fine muscle tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, irregular gait, hallucinations, delusions
160
TREMOR
Repetitive involuntary movement of hands, arms, face, & head
161
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
Rapidly progressive disease where nerve cells for voluntary movement attacked causing degeneration of motor neurons in cord, medulla, & cortex leading to progressive weakness, paralysis, & death
162
S/S: AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
Muscular weakness, atrophy, involuntary contractions, excessive reflexes
163
AKA: AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
Lou Gehrig’s disease
164
AMNESIA
Total/partial loss of memories from injury, illness, or psychological disturbance; 2 types (antegrade or retrograde)
165
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RETROGRADE & ANTEGRADE AMNESIA
Antegrade = can’t make new memories & retrograde = loss old memories
166
CONCUSSION + S/S
TBI from violent shaking/jarring/blow to brain leading to partial/complete loss of brain function; s/s: memory loss, poor coordination, difficulty balancing, dizziness
167
CEREBRAL CONTUSION
Bruising of brain tissue from injury
168
CRANIAL HEMATOMA
Collection of blood trapped in brain tissue from a major or minor injury
169
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)
Blow/penetrating injury damaging the brain
170
COUP
Injury within skull near impact point
171
CONTRECOUP
Injury within skull opposite impact point; aka counterblow
172
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
Condition that leads to brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, & death
173
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (LOC)
Describes arousal & stimuli response (7 levels)
174
CONSCIOUS (LOC)
LOC; awake, alert, aware, & proper stimuli response
175
UNCONSCIOUS (LOC)
LOC; unaware/unable to respond to any stimuli including pain
176
STUPOR (LOC)
LOC; unresponsive, aroused briefly despite vigorous attempts
177
LETHARGY (LOC)
LOC; decreased level of consciousness w/listlessness, drowsiness, & apathy
178
SYNCOPE (LOC)
LOC: decreased blood flow leads to brief unconsciousness
179
AKA: SYNCOPE
Fainting
180
COMA (LOC)
LOC; profound state of unconsciousness caused by TBI, stroke, infection, or illness with no spontaneous eye movement, no response to pain, & no speech
181
PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (LOC)
LOC; coma alternating sleep & wake cycles (unconscious even when appearing awake)
182
DELIRIUM
Acute condition generally from a treatable condition w/confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking, memory issues, agitation, & hallucinations
183
GLIOBLASTOMA
Fast-growing & malignant tumor from glial cells
184
AKA: GLIOBLASTOMA
Glioblastoma multiforme
185
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)
Amount of pressure in skull
186
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
Brain damage when blood flow blocked/ruptured; damage on one side causes effects on other; s/s = FAST
187
AKA: CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
Stroke
188
ISCHEMIC STROKE
Narrowing/blockage of artery generally bc of atherosclerosis most common in elderly
189
THROMBOTIC ISCHEMIC STROKE
Caused by clot in carotid
190
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) + S/S
Temporary interruption in blood supply that resolves in less than 1 hr & is a warning sign for more fatal strokes; s/s: numbness, blurred vision, dizziness, & loss of balance
191
APHASIA
Loss of ability to speak, write, & understand spoken/written words caused by brain damage bc of stroke
192
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Blood vessel in brain leaks/aneurysm ruptures & often fatal
193
AKA: HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Bleed
194
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION (AVM)
Congenital abnormal connection between arteries & veins that can rupture @ any age & is one cause of hemorrhagic strokes
195
INSOMNIA
Prolonged/abnormal inability to sleep & is a symptom of another problem
196
NARCOLEPSY
Sudden & uncontrollable falling asleep during the day bc of changes in the brain
197
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Sufficient lack of restorative sleep over period leading to physical/psychiatric symptoms
198
PARASOMNIA
Term covering categories of sleep disorders while falling asleep, during sleep, or waking up
199
SOMNAMBULISM
Walking/performing activity while sleeping
200
AKA: SOMNAMBULISM
Sleepwalking
201
MYELITIS
Inflammation of spinal cord
202
POLIOMYELITIS
Highly contagious viral infection of brainstem & cord leading to inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord that can cause paralysis & symptoms reappearing later in life; incurable
203
AKA: POLIOMYELITIS
Polio
204
MYELOSIS
Spinal cord tumor
205
RADICULITIS
Inflammation of spinal nerve root w/pain & numbness down affected limb
206
AKA: RADICULITIS
Pinched nerve
207
CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY
Pressure on spinal nerve roots in neck w/weakness or numbness radiating to shoulder, arm, hand, or fingers
208
LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY
Nerve pain in low back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation
